Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions.
When urban residents struggle to get a refreshing night’s sleep, public awareness usually points toward traffic noise, artificial light, or modern screen habits. However, environmental researchers have identified a less visible yet equally disturbing cause: elevated nighttime temperatures. Across major metropolises worldwide, the modern cityscape creates a microclimate where nocturnal cooling is severely weakened, directly undermining the physiological conditions necessary for deep rest.
This phenomenon is driven primarily by the nocturnal urban heat island effect. Throughout the day, high-density construction materials such as asphalt, concrete, and glass absorb vast amounts of solar radiation. Rather than cooling rapidly after sunset, these dense structures retain thermal energy and release it slowly throughout the night. Consequently, dense urban centers often remain several degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas, preventing the natural atmospheric temperature drop that typically signals the end of the day.
This persistent surrounding heat conflicts directly with the human body’s heat control during sleep. To initiate and maintain deep, refreshing sleep, specifically slow-wave sleep, the human core body temperature must decrease by approximately one degree Celsius. High surrounding temperatures interfere with this biological cooling process, forcing the body to work harder to dissipate heat through sweating and widening of blood vessels. As a result, people experience fragmented sleep architecture, with frequent brief awakenings and less deep sleep.
Poor urban sleep is more than simple nighttime discomfort; it is an emerging public health challenge. As climate change increases heatwaves and urban populations continue to expand, relying solely on energy-intensive air conditioning is not a sustainable solution. To solve this problem, city planners need to include heat resilience in their plans. This involves expanding tree cover, using reflective building materials, and designing streets that allow airflow to help cities cool down at night.
It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that _____.
The word "elevated" in paragraph 1 is CLOSEST in meaning to _____.
measured
unstable
increased
normal
The word "dissipate" in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _____.
regulate
retain
assess
generate
The phrase "This phenomenon" in paragraph 2 refers to _____.
Which of the following best paraphrases the bold sentence in paragraph 4?
"As climate change increases heatwaves and urban populations continue to expand, relying solely on energy-intensive air conditioning is not a sustainable solution."
It is the combined pressure of worsening heat events and urban growth that makes total reliance on power-intensive indoor cooling an environmentally unsustainable practice.
The combined pressure of worsening heat events and urban growth is made worse by total reliance on power-intensive indoor cooling, which is environmentally unsustainable.
Relying totally on power-intensive indoor cooling is widely considered environmentally unsustainable, mainly because of the combined pressure of worsening heat events and urban growth.
Although worsening heat events and rapid urban growth continue, relying exclusively on power-intensive indoor cooling becomes an environmentally unsustainable strategy only temporarily.
Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?
Modern cities create their own warmer nighttime climate.
The body's cooling mechanisms are less effective in hot nighttime air.
Urban heat is unlikely to affect sleep quality in cooler seasons.
City planning decisions can affect how well residents sleep at night.
In which paragraph does the writer name an overlooked cause of poor sleep?
In which paragraph does the writer describe how high temperatures affect the body during sleep?
Read the following passage and choose the option that best fits each of the blanks.
Open any news app and the headlines seem to describe a world falling apart: wars, disasters, scandals and crimes. (1) _____. Yet on many long-term measures, such as child deaths and extreme poverty, life has improved greatly since 1990. Part of the explanation lies not with journalists but with readers, (2) _____.
A 2023 study in the journal Nature Human Behaviour analysed about 105,000 versions of headlines tested on the website Upworthy. Each extra negative word raised the chance of a click by around 2.3 per cent, while each positive word lowered it by about 1 per cent. (3) _____. Over time, this creates a cycle: readers click on bad news, newsrooms supply more of it, (4) _____.
Journalists are not blameless, but they are partly responding to what their audiences reward. The most powerful way to change the news, then, may be (5) _____. Every click works like a small vote for the kind of journalism we want to see more of.
Choose the correct option for (1).
Few readers, however, believe the world is really getting worse
What these headlines prove is that the world is getting better
If the world were getting worse, the news would surely report it
Many readers conclude that the world is getting worse every year
Choose the correct option for (2).
Choose the correct option for (3).
Positive headlines, it turns out, earn sites the most clicks
For sites that rely on clicks, gloomy headlines make financial sense
Only if headlines stay neutral will sites attract more clicks
What mattered most for clicks was the length of the headlines
Choose the correct option for (4).
Choose the correct option for (5).
Read the following flyer and choose the best answer for each blank.
Join our Community Park Clean-up this weekend!
Our local park has been heavily polluted recently. We are looking for energetic volunteers are willing to help us restore its natural beauty.
When up sharp objects like broken glass, you need to wear the thick safety gloves provided at the entrance. Never any plastic bottles or food wrappers into the nearby lake, as they can severely harm the local wildlife. Instead, make sure all the is sorted into the correct recycling bins.
Although spending the whole morning cleaning can be physically , the result will be highly rewarding for everyone. Let's work together to our green spaces for future generations! Free snacks and drinks will be served at noon.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions.
Food has always travelled well beyond its place of origin, carried by migration, trade and, more recently, social media. A dish once known only within a small community can appear on menus across the globe within a few years, admired for its flavour long before anyone learns its backstory. [I] Whether this movement counts as genuine cultural exchange or something closer to cultural appropriation often depends less on the dish itself than on the cultural context surrounding how it travels - who tells its story, and who profits from it.
Consider Kai, whose family opened a small eatery serving a street-food dish passed down from his grandmother. [II] For years, it remained a neighbourhood favourite, prepared exactly as she had taught him, with customers often asking about its history over the counter. Kai welcomed the questions, sharing stories about the dish's origins and the occasion it was traditionally served for. Word gradually spread beyond the neighbourhood, and diners from many backgrounds began visiting specifically to try what felt like an authentic taste of a culture they knew little about.
Once a video of the dish went viral online, several national restaurant chains introduced their own simplified versions within months. [III] These versions used the same core ingredients but were sweetened, resized and rebranded under names that borrowed exotic-sounding words without explaining what they meant. The chains marketed the dish as a trendy discovery, pricing it well above what Kai charged for the original. [IV] Kai's small eatery, meanwhile, saw little change in business, despite having introduced the dish to the area in the first place.
Sociologists often distinguish cultural exchange from cultural appropriation by asking who controls the story and who benefits from it. Genuine exchange usually involves acknowledgment, reciprocity and some connection to the community of origin; appropriation strips a practice of its cultural context, reducing generations of meaning to a marketable aesthetic. Commercialisation itself is not the problem; Kai also sells the dish for profit, but when a more powerful player copies the form while erasing its origin and diverting most of the profit elsewhere, authenticity becomes a marketing label rather than a lived reality.
None of this means dishes should stay within their community of origin forever; food has always evolved through contact between cultures. What matters is not simply that a recipe travels, but how it travels - whether the people who shaped it are acknowledged, included and fairly compensated along the way. A trend can fade within a season, but the question of who gets credit for a tradition tends to outlast it.
The word "appropriation" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.
The word "it" in paragraph 2 refers to ______.
a neighbourhood
the dish
the history
an authentic taste
Which of the following is NOT implied about Kai's eatery in paragraph 2?
It served a traditional recipe handed down across generations.
It initially catered mostly to residents living in the immediate area.
It struggled to attract young customers before the dish went viral.
It provided diners with cultural knowledge alongside the food served.
Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?
"However, none of these chains credited the communities whose recipes and traditions had made the dish possible in the first place."
Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4?
Cultural exchange is successfully achieved as long as commercial sellers respect the historical background of the recipe.
The line between cultural exchange and appropriation is determined by narrative control and benefit distribution.
Commercialising traditional food damages authenticity mainly because large companies change the original recipe and ingredients.
Sociologists identify cultural appropriation by calculating the difference in profits between small and large businesses.
What conclusion can best be drawn from paragraph 5?
The word "diverting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.
redirecting
calculating
boosting
generating
What can be inferred about why Kai's business did not grow despite introducing the dish to the area?
What is the best title for the passage?
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
Are you looking for a meaningful spring? The City High School is organizing the annual Spring Cultural Festival! We are currently recruiting volunteers who are energetic and passionate about community work. in our large-scale event will give you unforgettable memories and practical skills. , volunteers will receive an official certificate of appreciation from the school.
Here is your responsibilities will include:
We expect every member to make a valuable to the festival's overall success. Don't hesitate to at the chance to develop your soft skills. If you , you will have to attend a brief training session this Sunday morning. Join our vibrant team today!
Choose the best way to rearrange the following sentences in order to make a meaningful conversation.
a. Sofia: Nice to meet you too. I'm Sofia. I work in the design team.
b. Marco: Hi, I don't think we've met before. I'm Marco, I just joined the marketing department.
c. Marco: Oh great, I'll probably be working closely with your team on the new campaign then.
a – c – b
b – c – a
a – b – c
b – a – c
Choose the best way to rearrange the following sentences in order to make a meaningful conversation.
a. Wei: I actually support lowering it — teenagers today are far more politically aware than people give them credit for.
b. Wei: There's a proposal to lower the voting age to sixteen in our country. What do you think?
c. Mei: Fair enough. I suppose I'll pay closer attention to how other countries that already did this have fared.
d. Mei: Really? A lot of people argue sixteen-year-olds don't have enough life experience to vote responsibly.
e. Wei: Maybe, but plenty of adults vote without much research either — age alone isn't a reliable measure of civic maturity.
b – d – a – e – c
b – a – d – e – c
Choose the best way to rearrange the following sentences in order to make a meaningful letter.
Dear Mr. Clarke,
a. Several other parents share my view and would be glad to meet council officers to discuss possible locations.
b. It is for this reason that I urge the council to set aside at least one plot of land for a public park.
c. Such an omission is worrying because parks help to cool the air in crowded areas and give children a safe place to play.
d. As a parent living in Riverside District, I wish to raise concerns about the city's latest development plan for our area.
e. Under this plan, dozens of apartment blocks will be built close together, yet not a single park has been included.
Yours sincerely,
Hoang Mai, Riverside District resident
Choose the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text.
a. To protect them, the authorities limited the number of daily tickets and introduced fixed entry times.
b. The Peruvian approach is now being studied by managers of other heritage sites struggling with similar crowds.
c. In addition, visitors were required to follow set routes through the ruins, always accompanied by a licensed guide.
d. As visitor numbers at Machu Picchu in Peru grew rapidly, the ancient stone paths around the site began to wear away.
e. These measures soon proved effective, as damage to the paths slowed and crowding at peak hours eased.
Choose the best way to rearrange the following sentences in order to make a meaningful text.
a. Consequently, many public figures struggle with severe burnout and a complete lack of personal space.
b. Therefore, it is crucial for both the media and audiences to establish healthier boundaries when consuming entertainment content.
c. In the digital age, the boundary between a celebrity's public persona and their private life has become increasingly blurred.
d. A prime example is the recent trend of actors deleting their accounts to protect their mental health from toxic online scrutiny.
e. Because fans now expect constant updates through social media platforms, stars are under immense pressure to share intimate details daily.
c – a – b – d – e
c – e – d – a – b
c – e – a – d – b
c – d – a – e – b