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Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
BODY LANGUAGE
Words are the most obvious part of any conversation, yet they are only the of the communication iceberg. There have been studies of the impact of body language and voice tone on our of the trustworthiness of other people. These have shown that if words and body language we nearly always take the non-verbal message as the more significant, our conscious attention is mostly on the words. Sometimes we may not know why we do not trust someone; sometimes the conflict is obvious. Would you take lessons in public from someone who mumbled?
Clothes and appearance are also part of our body language. They make a about us to the outside world, whether we want them to or not. Our clothes and appearance to the impressions we make on others. Rapport at this level is partly a matter of credibility, something which at a business meeting in jeans and trainers is unlikely to gain us.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
The sudden withdrawal of the primary investor's funding will almost certainly _____ the construction project.
During the job interview, he became _____ aware of how little he knew about the industry.
_____ during the final phase of the software launch, the engineering team will immediately revert to the previous stable version.
Even though he is usually very disciplined with his diet, once a month he likes to _____ in a double-fudge chocolate cake.
As she didn't understand the teacher's question, she merely gave him a _____ look.
To ensure a fair environment, the head coach mandated that every student _____ for the entire pre-game strategy session.
Despite repeated attempts to verify the results and eliminate possible sources of error, _____ continues to puzzle scientists working on the project.
The student quickly _____ his interest in picture books as he began reading complex mystery novels instead.
After winning the record-breaking jackpot, the couple spent the next decade living in the _____ of luxury, traveling the world in private yachts and staying only in the finest villas.
The professor said that every member of the study group needed to contribute equally to the research project, as she had no patience for students who refused to pull their _____.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions.
PUTTING THE 'GREEN' IN GREENHOUSE
When we think about views of the Earth from space, normally awe-inspiring ancient constructions spring to mind, like the Great Wall of China or incredible natural wonders like the Great Barrier Reef. One vista that few tend to think of lies in south-eastern Spain, in the province of Almeria, where there is an expanse of greenhouses which cultivate vegetables for much of Europe, conspicuously standing out from the desert-like surroundings.
Known as the 'mar de plastico', or 'sea of plastic' in English, the area is somewhat of a modern-day phenomenon that has completely changed the fortunes of the region. In the middle of the 20th century, Almeria was one of the poorest of Spain's provinces, with a barren climate, remote location, and little industry. However, this all changed when farmers started to question how they could exploit their year-round temperate climate and counter the dry conditions that were so detrimental to growth.
The answer came in the form of greenhouses, which retain water and heat while keeping the harsher elements out. With this ingenious development came the emergence of a new-found wealth within the region, and as farming in the region consisted of many family-owned smallholdings, this fanned out throughout the region, giving more horizontal growth and offering plentiful job opportunities unlike anything the area had seen previously.
Almeria plays a crucial role in catering for ever-increasing demands for produce throughout Europe, exporting to nearly every country in the continent throughout the year. In a modern society which expects seasonal produce throughout the year, fulfilling these demands is essential, and Almeria continues to go from strength to strength in doing this. As well as creating a booming agricultural industry, a whole host of research and development companies have set up shop in the area. Nonetheless, intensive farming in the province is not without its fundamental challenges, especially, in terms of sustainability and the local environment.
One area which needs careful consideration in the long term is the methods of using water. Water scarcity may become an issue due to widespread use of water from underground sources for use in cultivation. Many environmentalists claim that in an area so arid as Almeria, the underwater sources can't replenish at the rate of their depletion. However, many farms have adopted more sustainable practices to help combat this, such as drip-feeding irrigation and the use of hydroponics, a soil-free method of plant-growing, which can reduce water use by around 80%.
The other, more pressing, sustainability issue surrounding Almeria is the plastic waste generated by these greenhouses. The three-year lifespan of the plastic greenhouses causes a considerable amount of waste in the area, and its disposal leaves a lot to be desired, with much plastic waste polluting the surrounding environment. Addressing this is a rather more complex issue. While there are waste management services for farmers to use, they are not generally cost effective. A more environmentally-friendly answer may be in replacing plastic with glass. Albeit the material of choice for some large farming areas in northern Europe, many farms in the Almerian province, especially the smallholdings, are put off by the massive investment this would require.
However, while these sustainability challenges are important to consider, the delicate interplay of progress and its environmental effects is far from cut and dried, especially when it comes to this kind of farming. In many ways, the greenhouses of Almeria could be considered a pinnacle of natural sustainability. Although this may seem strange, given the vision of plastic it displays, there are many ways in which Almeria is ecologically very sound. Firstly, the greenhouses, thanks to mild temperatures and abundant light, need little heating, which means very little traditional energy consumption is involved considering the large-scale of the food production, even taking into account transportation effects. Additionally, an unintended effect of the greenhouses has been to cool the area in the long-term, as the roofs reflect the sunlight. In a world which is constantly getting hotter, Almeria is one of the exceptions to this, which could be an important discovery for wider consideration.
Finally, what cannot be forgotten is that with increasing demands, increased production is essential. If large-scale intensive farming like that of Almeria isn't used to feed populations, then alternatives are few and far between. Upscaling food production significantly, while reducing the environmental footprint may be the ideal objective, but real-life indicates that there always has to be some form of trade-off, and at the moment, Almeria, with perhaps a few tweaks, seems well-placed to be the food production model of the future.
The writer says that the owners of the greenhouses _____.
consist of families that were generally native to the region
have more wealth than any other social group in the area
are generally well-dispersed across the entire province
employ more people than any other industry in the region
What is implied about water use in Almeria?
What does the writer admire about farmers in the 1960s?
Why does the writer mention the cooling effect of the greenhouses?
to justify the continued use of plastic materials
What is the writer's view on plastic waste in the area?
What is the writer's overall opinion on intensive farming?
What is the author's objective in the first paragraph?
How does the greenhouse industry in Almeria contribute to sustainability?
Think of ONE word which can be used appropriately in three sentences.
1. When you're an invader, you can't _____ the people's hearts by using strong tactics. A completely different approach is recommended.
2. Let me put it this way. Our offer is by far the best and it is only a formality to _____ this lucrative contract.
3. Football experts agree that the team will _____ hands down. It's a sure thing, believe me.
=> Answer:
Think of ONE word which can be used appropriately in three sentences.
1. 'Are you feeling any better now?' 'Absolutely. I'm as _____ as rain.'
2. His drug taking was going on _____ under his mother's nose. I wonder how come she hadn't seen anything suspicious.
3. The spokeswoman has said the initiative is not groundbreaking, but it's a step in the _____ direction.
=> Answer:
Think of ONE word which can be used appropriately in three sentences.
1. I hate doing things in a _____ but this is what I had to do this morning when I overslept.
2. The big discovery of the ore in the mountains sparked a gold _____ with thousands of people descending on the area.
3. His eyes turned into saucers and he felt a sudden adrenalin _____ seconds after he jumped out of the plane.
=> Answer:
Think of ONE word which can be used appropriately in three sentences.
1. As our previous car _____ more fuel and was slower, you will certainly appreciate its more economical and faster sibling we've just produced.
2. Other girls in the neighbourhood have been _____ with jealousy since Claire got engaged to the local heartthrob.
3. The study reveals that in the past this Amazon tribe _____ less meat and more fruit than now.
=> Answer:
Think of ONE word which can be used appropriately in three sentences.
1. Rufus is probably the last representative of a _____ breed of people who keep promises.
2. I'm really _____ to see a good Polish film, but there are none on at the moment.
3. Scholars predict that this species will be in danger of _____ out within five years. So, there is much at stake right now.
=> Answer:
Complete the passage by changing the form of the word in capitals.
MONEY
At one time, people were (SUFFICE) and money was unnecessary. As civilisations developed, however, individuals began to specialise. , (ORIGIN) goods and services were bartered but, later on, to avoid the impracticalities of exchanging (SIMILAR) items, people used various forms of 'money'. Some of the objects which have been used as money would seem (ORDINARY) to us now. They included cattle, tools, shells, beads or even lumps of salt, which is what Roman soldiers were paid in: hence the phrase "not worth his salt".
Metal objects do not wear out easily, so coins eventually (PLACE) other forms of 'currency'. The first paper money was probably made in China. Marco Polo, the adventurer, saw it used there in the thirteenth century AD. However, the bank notes we use today developed from a custom that began in England in the 1600s, when receipts issued by (GOLD) were used as money.
If we start using digital cash, the money we use today may become obsolete. This will affect society significantly, and the potential benefits to (CRIME) and tax evaders could be considerable. The challenge facing scientists, bankers and (LEGISLATE) is to ensure that such changes are beneficial to the law-abiding members of society in general.
The passage below contains 8 errors in spelling, grammar, word form. Find errors and write the corrections in the corresponding boxes in the answer sheet.
[content][/content]
Fill in each blank with ONE best word.
THE DE-PRINTER
In the modern world of electronic communication, you might imagine that offices would become paper-free zones by now. all, office paper is immensely harmful to the environment. Not only does the paper industry account for 40% of the world's commercial timber production, but the production of pristine printer paper also consumes as much as 10 litres of water per sheet.
But no, it turns out that the average office worker still gets through astonishing 10,000 sheets of paper annually, the vast majority of will end up shredded or dumped in landfill. Some sheets may be recycled, but printed on, they can never be used to make high-quality printer paper again.
Or rather, that was the case until recently. A new invention, the de-printer, uses lasers to suck ink off used paper, each sheet to be reused up to ten times. Perhaps one day, all offices will have a de-printer sitting beside each printer, saving massive amounts of waste. Even better, maybe it will finally dawn office workers that they don't need to print nearly so much.
For questions 59-68, match the statements (A-G) by referring to the reviews from an entertainment guide. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
Readers of Fancy Free magazine were asked to select their favourite eating places. Our Dining Detectives checked out the most popular choices and reviews them below.
A. Wong's Chinese Bistro
Big crowds endure long waits for tables at Wong's, but the food is heavier on presentation and quality than on flavour and satisfaction. The menu promises a 'memorable blend of Chinese cuisine', but the kitchen doesn't deliver the goods. The Cantonese, Szechuan and Hunan starters are fashionable looking, but appearances can be deceiving. Most of the dishes are bland and boring, far less pleasing than what you'll find at other local Chinese places. On the other hand, the restaurant itself is a spacious beauty of brick, dark wood and understated Oriental touches. Take advantage of favourable weather on Wong's romantic terrace. The crowd includes workers from the city, tourists, couples and families from the suburbs.
B. Beechwood Inn
Beechwood Inn's courteous staff and charming ambiance make it an award winner. The Inn's antique chairs, 19th-century engravings, and law library all look like set pieces in a Cecil B DeMille picture. The place has a country-club feel; meals are served on the best bone china. A silver goblet bearing fresh fruit salad awaits your arrival for Sunday brunch, as does a mountainous tray of muffins, pastries, croissants, and chocolates. Leftovers—there will be plenty—are gladly boxed for you. Brunches include several egg dishes, often paired with a generous slab of prime rib. For dinner, consider the combination platter, which includes smoked salmon, pâté, a selection of cheeses, and spinach salads. The entrées are not for weight-watchers: beef Wellington, veal Cordon Bleu, and lobster Thermidor are among the extravagant offerings. Service is attentive, not overbearing; you feel cared for, not fawned over. For celebrations such as Mother's Day, you'll need to call months in advance for reservations.
C. Carmen's on Penge
This small restaurant seems almost out of place in a residential area where locals can be spotted taking a leisurely stroll or walking their dogs. But with numerous accolades and a loyal following, reservations are a must. Cool crowds hang out at the bar, while families and romantic couples fill the dining room. In summertime, the comfortable patio is a delight with its many blooms and blossoms. Everything is priced and served family-style, with main courses big enough to feed four. The pasta Montana yields a mountain of giant noodles with juicy chicken, the fettuccine comes with plenty of big, juicy prawns and spinach. For dessert, cannoli, an Italian pastry favourite, is crunchy and not too sweet. If you can't get a reservation, arrive early to avoid the long wait. The crowd is slimmest on Sunday nights.
D. The Dove at the Caithness Hotel
Sophisticated service combines with rich, contemporary cuisine in the heart of the Caithness Hotel. The Dove's small personal dining room accented with gold filigree and filled with lush greenery allows quiet intimacy for couples, and privacy for business lunches. Servers keep the meal pace leisurely and comfortable, catering to diners' every need. The Dove's gorgeous presentations, expert food pairings and rich sauces rival the town's finest restaurants. Start with roasted artichokes stuffed with juicy bits of lobster, or poached salmon smothered in a delicious creamy sauce. Follow with a bowl of creamy chowder and a green salad. Finish with a white chocolate tower filled with layers of dark chocolate mousse, topped with raspberries. Dinner ends with chocolate truffles and a complimentary rose for the ladies.
E. Vesta Grill
The interior is an architectural gem with its private booths separated the one from the other with wooden swirls which resemble the crest of a wave. The design has a distinctly contemporary feel with its exposed brick walls and open plan kitchen. Servers enthusiastically explain the menu and try to keep up with the crowds; even on weekdays reservations are a must, and the bar is often packed. The restaurant is named after Vesta, goddess of the hearth, and she seems to have kissed each dish on leaving the kitchen. The lamb is so tender it falls off the bone, while a salad of the freshest ingredients is simple but sensuous. Try the smoked duck breast, strips of swordfish steak, or pan fried sole in mustard. Every bite is amazing, down to the caramel-dipped apples for dessert. Prepare for a wait, but visit the bar for swift, helpful service while you wait to be seated.
F. Nick's Café
Comfortable but upmarket, this is not your usual neighbourhood café. Nick's brings casual dining to a higher level with white tablecloths, excellent food and service, and soothing sounds in the background. The dining room's brick walls, paintings and sculpture produced by local artists and ample seating is complemented by the lounge. That's why it's a popular pit stop for those who go walking and cycling in the adjacent park. Start with perfectly grilled wild mushrooms over mashed potatoes with garlic vinegar. A tossed salad with sun-dried tomatoes and red onions makes anyone want to eat healthily. Treat yourself to the 'catch of the day' accompanied by your choice of vegetable, or opt for a lean and tasty burger, served with crispy fresh-cut chips. For dessert, the homemade lemon cheesecake is head and shoulders above the rest. If you'd rather have a little bit of everything rather than a single entrée, multiple selections from the list of starters could easily make a meal. In keeping with the times, Nick's provides a completely smoke-free environment for its patrons.
G. Lucien's
The building's old structure with its high ceilings gives the restaurant a continental air and allows the hubbub of conversation to fill the rooms. The lounge area, where chalkboards advertise upcoming events, is relaxed and spacious with huge tables which seat over ten people. The adjoining covered patio protects from the weather while still allowing you to enjoy the outside. The menu changes daily and varies from succulent dishes prepared with fish, chicken or beef. Salads are plentiful—glorious greens with generous sprinklings of cheese drizzled with zesty dressing. Mussels and clams are a specialty, steamed, baked or sautéed in at least eight delicious variations. Chocolate mousse and frozen sorbet are light but decadently sweet. More complex desserts are just as good—you can't stop eating the puff pastry layered with sliced apples and topped with vanilla ice cream. With its policy of affordable French, Lucien's comes up trumps.
Which restaurant(s) offers separate areas suited to different kinds of social dining?
Which restaurant(s) is located within a larger establishment?
Which restaurant(s) has an informal yet refined atmosphere?
Which restaurant(s) reflects the local arts scene in its decor?
Which restaurant(s) usually requires booking ahead, even on weekdays?
Which restaurant(s) conveys luxury through both its decor and tableware?
Which restaurant(s) provides food in quantities suitable for sharing?
Which restaurant(s) is situated in an unexpected setting?
Which restaurant(s) appeals to a clientele not limited to nearby residents?
Which restaurant(s) looks and sounds better than it actually tastes?
Read and do the following tasks. Some paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A-G for each part of the text. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0).
MISSING PARAGRAPHS
A. In view of this, it is reasonable to assert that cultural awareness should be viewed as an important component informing, so to speak, and enriching communicative competence. By communicative competence, we mean verbal as well as non-verbal communication, such as gestures, the ability (or lack thereof) to integrate with a specific group, or avoid committing any faux pas, and so forth. In other words, this kind of communicative competence posited here is one which can account for the appropriateness of language, as well as behaviour.
B. The question arises, however, that if language and culture are so intricately intertwined, why should we overtly focus on culture when there are other aspects of the curriculum that need more attention?
C. Culture creates and solves problems. If, within a specific culture, cows are looked upon as sacred animals, or breaking a mirror is assumed to bring bad luck, threats are posed which do not arise out of the inexorable facts of the external world. Furthermore, such notions as "success", "greed", "decorum", or "promiscuity" can only be assessed against a culture-specific yardstick, as it were. Such value judgements are acquired in the culture in which the individual has grown up and are accepted unquestioningly by most members of the social group.
D. Second, it is deemed important to include culture in the foreign language curriculum because it helps avoid the stereotypes that the present study has intimated.
E.
F. Of course, if we asked an Indian why she worships cows or a Frenchman why he says un pied de laitue (literally "a foot of lettuce"), whereas English speakers say "a head of lettuce," and Greek speakers η καρδια ενός μαρουλιού (literally "a heart of lettuce"), chances are we would get no more satisfactory an answer than we ourselves would be ready to give regarding our own language or culture.
G. Interestingly, culture comprises various elementary meaning units (EMUs), which may be at variance with other EMUs at work in another culture. Coming to grips with these EMUs is necessary for full communication with natives, to understand their reports on great achievements, and to read their classics. It is our contention that these EMUs can pave the way for a third place, a third identity, which can draw upon the L1 and L2 cultures in enunciating personal meanings. This diversity should then be understood and respected, and never over- or underestimated. Teachers' and learners' task is to understand in ever more sensitive ways why they talk the way they do, and why they remain silent: this type of knowledge called local knowledge.
H. Such "inventories" of characteristics evinced by the putative autonomous learner abound, and some would say that they amount to nothing more than a romantic ideal which does not square with reality. This stands to reason, for most of the characteristics imputed to the "autonomous learner" encapsulate a wide range of attributes not commonly associated with learners. For instance, Benson likens the autonomous learner to one whose life has a consistency that derives from a coherent set of beliefs, values, and principles.
You are going to read an article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (69-75). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes on the answer sheet.
Teaching Culture
It goes without saying that the importance of any single element in a culture design will be seen only when that element is viewed in the total matrix of its relationship to other elements. Let us illustrate this by drawing upon De Saussure's semiotic theory: Roses signify passion or love. If we analyse their "meaning", we have three elements: the signifier - the roses; the signified - passion or love; and the sign - the "passionified roses" as a whole. Obviously, there is nothing inherently "passionate" or "amorous" about roses; they are viewed as such within the context of western culture. In another culture, roses could signify something different, even the opposite of passion or love.
That culture is not a relatively harmonious and stable pool of significations, but a confrontation between groups occupying different, sometimes opposing, positions on the map of social relations is further illustrated below: A new teacher from the US was teaching English in a Palestinian school in Israel, working with a fairly advanced group of students, and trying to help them understand and use the present perfect tense. To this end, she began with the question, "Have you ever lived in Israel?" Some of the students answered, "No," while the rest of the class seemed a bit confused, shaking their heads in lack of comprehension. The teacher repeated the question, only to receive the same response. Then, a student said, "Palestine, teacher, Palestine," thus shedding light on the misunderstanding. Even though the students understood the question, they refused to give Israel recognition as a nation, even by name. The students knew the grammar principle very well; they would simply not acknowledge the political circumstances it assumed.
On the one hand, it can help us understand why the sentence A cigarette is what I want is unlikely to be elevated to the status of a possible utterance in English; on the other, it can suggest why being careless about chinking glasses in Crete may cause trouble. It is linguistico-cultural meaning that has been extirpated from the foreign language milieu, and led to the false assumption that culture is a compartmentalised subject amenable to educational interventions, rather than an educational goal in itself.
To begin with, we should concern ourselves with culture because, even though it is inherent in what we teach, to believe that whoever is learning the foreign language is also learning the cultural knowledge and skills required to be a competent L2 / FL speaker denies the complexity of culture, language learning, and communication.
The third reason for expressly teaching culture in the foreign language classroom is to enable students to take control of their own learning, as well as to achieve autonomy by evaluating and questioning the wider context within which the learning of the target language is embedded. Tomalin & Stempleski, modifying Seelye's 'seven goals of cultural instruction', may provide an answer pertinent to the question posed. According to them, the teaching of culture has the following goals and is of and in itself a means of accomplishing them:
This list of goals is definitely an improvement on Huebner's list of 'desirable outcomes'. At any rate, the aim of teaching culture is to increase students' awareness and to develop their curiosity towards the target culture and their own, helping them to make comparisons among cultures. These comparisons, of course, are not meant to underestimate foreign cultures, but to enrich students' experience and to sensitise them to cultural diversity.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
We need a Plan B to use in an emergency. (BACK)
=> We need a Plan B in an emergency.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
My brother and I never agree on anything! (EYE)
=> My brother and I with each other.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
Regardless of how difficult the exercise, you must keep trying. (ACCOUNT)
=> Despite the difficulty of the exercise, give up.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
Ali feels he was criticised unjustly following the loss of the key client. (FOR)
=> Ali feels that he came after the loss of the key client.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given.
Working or studying long hours into the night rarely produces the results people expect. (BURNING)
=> Although it sounds like a good idea, can be counterproductive.
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
We shouldn't have tried to fix the car ourselves because the repairs cost more in the end.
=> Had ...............
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
The advertising campaign was so successful that the product sold out within a week.
=> Such ...............
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
A boy sat on the fence looking lost and alone.
=> On ...............
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
They've been having discussions on the issue for over two weeks.
=> Discussions ...............
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it.
What put me off the idea was simply how expensive it was going to be.
=> The sheer ...............
Write a paragraph of about 150 words to answer the following question:
Lifelong learning means continuing to learn new knowledge and skills throughout life, not only during the years spent at school. Why is lifelong learning important in today's society? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.