Complete the table showing details of the projects.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS or A NUMBER for each answer.
Period:
S = Short-term
M = Medium-term
L = Long-term
| Country | Period | Project | Special information |
| Japan | S | village | basic knowledge of Japanese required |
| Poland | renovating a children’s holiday centre | ||
| Mexico | S | sea turtle conservation | accommodation in school with |
| China | architecture; planning and design | US $ on arrival | |
| India | M | provide medical care for children |
Listen to the first part of the conversation and choose the correct answer.
What point does Robert make about the 2013 study in Britain?
The speakers agree that food waste reports should emphasise the connection between carbon dioxide emissions and _____.
Television programmes now tend to focus on _____.
For Anna, the most significant point about food waste is _____.
Anna and Robert decide to begin their presentation by _____.
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
certificate
immediate
unfortunate
exacerbate
Choose the word which has the bold part pronounced differently from the others.
typical
lyrical
mythical
psychology
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
antarctic
annotate
anthology
anxiety
Choose the word with the main stress placed differently from that of the others.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress.
Many craters on the Earth's surface were probably formed by very large meteorites _____.
After Jim’s accident and his subsequent appearance in court, he was _____ from driving for a year.
Her _____ approach to problem-solving, characterized by a stubborn adherence to traditional methods, often clashed with the team's innovative spirit and hindered our progress.
A: Have you taken everything into account?
B: Yes, I think I’ve made _______ for just about everything.
When he found out that his project had been canceled without any explanation, he _____ and demanded answers from his superiors.
The local press has been pouring _____ on the mayor for dissolving the council.
As it was Christmas, the _____ at church was much larger than usual.
The rain was simply _____ down on the deserted street.
The report would have been accepted _____ in checking its accuracy.
Auroras are created when the sun's particles are caught in _____.
Ben: I think people should be allowed to smoke on trains and buses. Don’t you?
John: _____ But it's acceptable if they smoke in private settings.
Hien: Do you want to go for lunch? _____
Laura: I'd love to, thanks!
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A - F from the list of numbered headings i-ix. Write the correct number in each blank.
Demystifying Our Dreamworld
Paragraph A
As a teenager, Brenda Giguere went ice skating with her friends every week, but they improved much faster than she did. She could only go round in circles and got fed up with watching her friends effortlessly switching from backward skating to forward. Lying in bed one night, she thought she would try to practice those backward moves in her sleep. "Before long I was dreaming, I was skating, and I got very excited. It was so realistic. I felt the sensation of skating backward - the movement of my legs, the cool air, the feeling of propelling myself this way. Suddenly it all made sense as a set of logical, fluid, sequential body movements."
Paragraph B
Brenda later found out she had experienced what is called a "lucid dream". Lucid dreaming is one of the most controversial areas of dream research, partly because of misperceptions over how much individuals can influence their dreams - or indeed, whether they should. Those in favor say that lucidity is an important step in understanding dreams and argue that lucid dreams can take the horror out of nightmares, inspire new ideas, promote self-healing of physical ailments and unravel mysteries of the psyche that can improve a person's well-being.
Paragraph C
Lucid dreaming is a technique that has been practiced by Tibetan Buddhist priests for more than a millennium. Writings by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle also refer to the conscious exploration of dreams. And when the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep 50 years ago opened up new avenues of sleep research, it also strengthened the argument for lucidity. Today, the leading guru in this field is Stephen LaBerge, who founded the Lucidity Institute in 1987.
Paragraph D
LaBerge believes that the state of awareness reached during lucid dreaming is akin to that of being awake. With colleagues, he has developed electronic devices that give the dreamer a reminder during REM Sleep to try to become lucid. The "Nova Dreamer" is a sleep mask that emits a flashing light or sound cues when the user is dreaming (detected by eye movement). LaBerge claims that this increases the dreamer's chances of becoming lucid threefold, as evidenced by research he has carried out. Ed Wirth, who has used the Nova Dreamer, says the flashing light becomes incorporated into his dreams, like the flickering image of a TV screen. Of the 600 or so dreams a year that Wirth recalls, only five or six are lucid, but their effect is powerful and overwhelming. He flies in his dreams and walks through walls: "You can turn a threatening situation into a funny situation. It eliminates the whole nightmare. They, in effect, have changed my life. For me, it's an exploration."
Paragraph E
Not everyone shares this enthusiasm. Rosalind Cartwright, the Grande dame of sleep medicine research, believes the whole concept has been overblown. Cartwright, director of the Sleep Disorders Service and Research Center at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, says: "It's a wish to control things out of their usual function and time. It is trying to redesign the mind in a way I don't think is necessarily helpful. It gives people false hope."
Paragraph F
LaBerge admits he doesn't have all the answers yet, but feels lucky to be able to work in such a fascinating field. His goals are simple: to learn more about lucid dreaming and to make it more accessible to the public. At the moment, he's experimenting with chemical inducements to increase the release of acetylcholine, the main neurotransmitter in REM sleep, in order to encourage seasoned lucid dreamers to have more of them. He's also testing herbal supplements such as galantamine, which is extracted from daffodil bulbs, to promote a similar effect. But LaBerge laments that more isn't being done. Research funds are not exactly pouring in for lucid dreaming, and his business operates on a shoestring with a six member staff, lots of volunteers and funding from grants, donations and sales.
List of headings
| i. Interacting with others in your dreams | vi. The product to enhance your dreamtime |
| ii. A competitor exploiting the commercial side | vii. Undermining rumors in the press |
| iii. Skepticism within the specialist field | viii. A bridge between sleeping and waking |
| iv. Dream to improve your technique! | ix. Current research priorities |
| v. Not just a modern-day phenomenon |
Matching:
|
Paragraph A: Paragraph B: Paragraph C: |
Paragraph D: Paragraph E: Paragraph F: |
Read the passage then answer the questions.
The fur fashion industry is in poor health. The campaigns that started in the 1980s have had their effect and in the US alone the number of fur farms fell by over 50% from 1987 to 1997. In a move that is bound to be a waste of effort, the fur industry has tried to rebuild by using the slogan “fur is back”. However, a loss of profits and an uncertain future mean that there are far fewer people working in the fur industry today. The number of manufacturers in the US has fallen from 797 in 1972 to fewer than 200. This trend will continue. We still need to be careful, though. Many people who would never consider buying fur are doing so without knowing it.
Clothes designers are aware of the bad image fur has with many people. Some of them have taken the sensible decision not to work with fur. Those that still encourage this cruel trade are forced to find ways to disguise fur. Coats are often trimmed to make the fur feel like other materials. It’s dyed bright orange or powder blue to hide its origins. Perhaps the most common trick is to use a small amount of fur around the edges of coats, hoping that the customers won’t realize that animals have died to make their clothes.
As the fur farming industry mystery faces problems, so does the fur trapping industry. Governments have been rather slow to introduce effective laws but the situation is not looking good for fur trappers. The most popular trap is the leghold trap. Around 90 countries have banned these traps and over 20 countries, mostly in Africa, have banned trapping altogether. The use of the shocking devices is falling but there is more that we can do to persuade governments to act. Letter-writing campaigns can still help. Demonstrations still take place around the world against this evil trade.
These actions do produce results. In Sweden, for example, the government agreed to pass a law saying that foxes cannot be kept in cages and that all foxes kept for fur must be provide space to dig. The extra cost will mean that most fur farms in Sweden will go bankrupt. In Switzerland, too, the law makes this old-fashioned industry impossible. There, all animals must be given enough space to behave naturally. If only more countries would follow this lead, a lot of suffering would be prevented.
The number of animals suffering around the world for the fur trade has fallen by about 27 million over the last decade. The people working against the industry can be proud of what they have achieved. Employment in this area of the economy has fallen to only about 600 workers. Many of them are looking for other jobs. Most of them realize that their industry has no future. Some of them have taken the brave decision to leave because they recognize the cruelty around them.
The increase in sales of furs in the US does not mean that “fur is back”. At a time when the rest of the economy is growing quickly, sales of fur grew by a tiny 1.6% last year. This figure, even if it is correct, is a clear sign that people are moving away from fur. Thankfully, the industry is dying around the world.
The writer thinks the fur industry is _____.
According to the writer, some designers _____.
The phrase "the shocking devices" in paragraph 3 refers to _____.
The industry will suffer in Sweden because companies will have to _____.
On average, annually no less than _____ animals have been saved in the last decade.
The writer admires people who leave their job when they _____.
What is the writer’s attitude to the 1.6% growth in the fur industry?
What would be the most suitable title for the passage?
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
When hosting an Olympic Games, a country has to take into account several considerations, among which the financial one is by far the most important. The costs of hosting the Olympics can tens of billions of dollars, and it is commonplace for budgets to double or even triple. In addition to the costs of hosting the Games (the opening and closing ceremonies, athletes' village, security, etc.), cities often must build expensive new venues for lesser-known sports. Once constructed, sports venues often additional maintenance costs long after the Games have ended.
While costs are the concern for a host city, there are other factors to consider. For one, an Olympic host city may receive revenue from ticket sales, tourist spending, corporate sponsorship, and television rights. Cities such as Los Angeles (1984) and Seoul (1988) actually made a large profit from the Games they hosted. In addition, hosting the Olympic Games prestige on a host city and country, which can lead to increased trade and tourism. The Olympics are also an opportunity to invest in projects which improve the city's quality of life, such as new transportation systems.
(Adapted from by Mike Boyle and Lindsay Warwick)
Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s).
The storm came about unexpectedly, disrupting our outdoor event and forcing everyone to seek shelter quickly.
Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s).
I decided to set up my own business because I was tired of just being a cog in a machine.
Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s).
With her sophisticated tastes, the singer has become an omnipresent icon of style and beauty.
Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s).
The prosecution is going to try to trip you up with your statement and your alibi, but so long as you stick to your guns, there's nothing to worry about.
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
These shoes are very nice, but they're terribly . I can get better quality for half the price elsewhere. (PRICE)
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
If any student breaks the school rules, his parents will be informed immediately. (KNOW)
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
The character in the novel was emotionally by past trauma and couldn’t start new relationships. (PRISON)
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
Some endangered species are bred in to help increase their population numbers. (CAPTIVE)
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
After years of research and study, Sarah finally earned her in physics. (DOCTOR)
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
Alison bought the big house because she wanted to open a hotel. (VIEW)
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
I find Harold's behavior quite incomprehensible. (LOSS)
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
If weather permits, we shall go picnicking this weekend. (PERMITTING)
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
I understand what you are saying, but I can’t agree. (POINT)
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. You must use between TWO and FIVE words, including the word given. Do not change the word given.
We were getting ready to leave when we got the call. (ABOUT)
=> We when we got the call.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. You must use between TWO and FIVE words, including the word given. Do not change the word given.
Fans were anxious waiting for the final whistle. (BREATH)
=> Fans waiting for the final whistle.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. You must use between TWO and FIVE words, including the word given. Do not change the word given.
Minh was very pleased to be selected for the team. (DELIGHT)
=> Much , he was selected for the team.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in a bracket. You must use between TWO and FIVE words, including the word given. Do not change the word given.
Nowadays I consider taking up a hobby to be far less important than I used to. (IMPORTANCE)
=> Nowadays I don't attach nearly up a hobby as I used to.