You will hear five people explaining what they think about crime prevention. For each gap, choose from the list (A - F) what each speaker expresses. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.
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A. Police can't be expected to fight crime without support. B. Some people have their priorities wrong when it comes to preventing crime. C. Education can change people's chance of being the victim of crime. D. Not everyone knows what difficulties the police face. E. People may not be aware of all the facilities that are available. F. It's not really a serious problem. |
Speaker 1: Speaker 2: Speaker 3: Speaker 4: Speaker 5: |
Complete the notes.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
| 1000 years ago |
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| Princes Park |
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| Neighborhood Parks |
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Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
knowledge
ecosystem
technology
commodity
Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
advantage
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Building a friendship first provides a solid _____ for a lasting romantic relationship.
We believe that these animals could be saved if our plans were _____.
I don't want to sound _____, but I thought my picture was the best.
Many students passed the final exam without real _____ in learning last year.
I'd rather you ______ anything about the garden until the weather improves.
Everything looks very positive for the company, _____ the current investors do not default on their agreements.
It is strongly recommended that the machine _____ everyday.
It turned out that we _____ to the airport as the flight was delayed by several hours.
Laura and Mitchell are talking about their class monitor, Susie.
Laura: You know, Susie’s father is very rich.
Mitchell: ______ She wouldn’t accept his help even if it were offered.
Dennis: Didn't you go to cinema last night?
Sophia: _____
Rebecca and Peter are at the airport.
Rebecca: Don't forget to send your parents my regards.
Peter: _____
Mary: Your new hairstyle is quite attractive!
Sheila: _____. I think it makes me look 10 years older.
You are going to read an article about smiling. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (1-6). Write the correct letter next to each paragraph. There is ONE extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Missing paragraphs
A. The main point of interest was how smiling would affect their ability to cope with the discomfort. The full, Duchenne smile was shown to be superior to the other facial expressions in this respect. So, fake or not, putting on a Duchenne smile may be just the tonic to combat physical and psychological difficulties.
B. In a straightforward study, one group of volunteers was asked to reproduce smiles shown in photographs, and another group to evaluate whether the first group’s smiles were authentic. Some of the photographs depicted mouth-only smiles, but others showed smiles using both mouth and eye muscles. Two-thirds of individuals turned out to be able to fake a supposedly authentic smile, and they were also able to do this well in their everyday lives.
C. Culturally, smiling resonates across human history, from the grinning Greek kouros sculptures of 2,500 years ago to modern-day emojis. The most popular emoji of all is the face with tears of joy. Just as this emoji expresses more than mere happiness – tears adding an ironic twist – smiles themselves convey so much more.
D. The smile, then, can be a false friend. People smile – or not – for all kinds of reasons beyond simply how happy they are feeling.
E. I know what you’re thinking: we all put on a smile now and again to placate our fellow humans and avoid unnecessary conflict. We all suppose, however, that a genuine smile of true enjoyment is something very different.
F. What does this tell us? It suggests that in a context where physical dominance is important, smiling can be a sign of appeasement – possibly some kind of peace offering – and subordinate status.
G. Participants were asked to hold a pen in the mouth by its tip. Some held it with the teeth, creating a smile without the person concerned realising it, while others held the pen with the lips producing a pout rather than a smile. Pens in mouths, the participants then rated the humour in some cartoons. Intriguingly, the cartoons were rated as funnier when the pen was held with the teeth than when held with the lips.
What does a smile mean?
“The curve that sets everything straight” was how the comedian Phyllis Diller once described the smile. And it’s true that there’s something charming, trustworthy, and disarming about a smile – but this can be misleading. Dig a little deeper and you will find a less wholesome side, because the smile is actually one of the biggest fakes going.
Psychologists, in fact, have given it a name: the Duchenne smile, in honour of the French neurologist Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne. This smile utilises the muscles around the eyes to lift the cheeks, producing wrinkles around the eyes, and has long been held as an inimitable sign of true human emotion. Or at least it was until 2013, when psychologists from Boston, USA, destroyed that myth.
These findings indicate that even the supposedly genuine Duchenne smile can be convincingly simulated. So much for smiling being an inimitable sign of true human emotion. But why are some people so good at this kind of simulation? The answer isn’t necessarily sinister. In fact, some research has demonstrated that you can actually smile yourself into a better mood.
This indicates that smiling can actually improve your mood; as opposed to the usual idea of it being an outward sign of what you are already feeling. Taking this one step further, researchers from University of Kansas asked volunteers to bite on a pair of chopsticks: either biting one end, with the lips closed to produce no smile; or the same but with lips apart in a standard smile; or biting along the length of the chopstick, to produce a Duchenne smile. The volunteers were then made to feel stressed by having them submerge one hand in ice water for one minute.
But though there may be times when it is advantageous for us to smile when we don’t feel particularly cheerful, there is a flipside. Researchers in California wondered whether professional fighters’ smiles during the face-off before a bout might predict who the victor would be. They obtained face-off photographs of 152 Ultimate Fighting Championships competitors and rated them for smile intensity. Interestingly, winning fighters displayed less intensive smiles in pre-fight face-offs than losers did, and fighters winning by a knock-out displayed the least intensive smiles of all.
What seems to have happened is that the fighters who smiled were unintentionally leaking information about their own sense of weakness, so passing a psychological advantage to their opponent. The message from this is that taking control of your emotional state, avoiding smiling, and showing that you have the upper hand, even where that is not felt, is a good strategy in competitive environments.
But, as the saying goes, if you can't beat them, join them. Next time you're having your photograph taken, don't say ‘cheese’; say ‘cheeks’. Saying ‘cheeks’ will not only shape your mouth nicely, but will also remind you to squeeze your cheeks upwards into a visually satisfying, genuine-looking Duchenne smile.
Read the following passage then choose the best answer to each question below.
THE DOT-COM ERA
The late 1990s was a volatile time for the Internet entrepreneur. There were a large number of new high-tech and Internet-based businesses being started up, some based on little more than dreams. And nearly any entrepreneur with a high-tech or Internet-based business plan could receive a large amount of money from investors to develop the business. These businesses were called “dot-coms” after the last part of their internet addresses, and that time in business history has become known as the dot-com era. Most dot-com ventures failed as the inconsistencies between high-tech dreams and realities clarified, but a handful of entrepreneurs from that time remain successful today.
Many people look back at the dot-com era with a certain amount of cynicism. Some charge that there were entrepreneurs who deliberately mislead investors about the potential of their business plans; that they had the ulterior motive of getting their hands on large amounts of cash before anything else - a ploy that some say was common in the dot-com era. By 2001, most of the dot-coms had disappeared and were sarcastically referred to as “dot-bombs”. By the time the hype died down, incredible amounts of money had been lost. This is an unfortunate legacy of the dot-com era.
Why did companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Google find success, while so many others disappeared? There is no concise answer, but one interesting coincidence is that many of them were started by two or more entrepreneurs working in conjunction with each other. At Microsoft, Bill Gates and Paul Allen complimented each other; Apple had Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, and we owe Google to the rapport between founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin.
Besides collaborating with others, today’s entrepreneurs need to be able to think on their feet because the business situation changes so quickly. Entrepreneurs need to do constant research to keep track of changing trends. Today’s entrepreneurs need to be hard-working and tenacious - the easy money of the dot-com era is history. Experimentation and innovation are critical in a rapidly changing and highly competitive marketplace.
It seems that the mistakes of the dot-com era have shown the world what the high-tech economy truly is. and what it isn’t. It isn’t a place where anyone with a dream can get rich. It is, however, a powerful and flexible business environment where people with sound business ideas and effective business models can work together to produce successful business innovations, sometimes very successful ones indeed. But, as it has always been true in the business world, there is no substitute for thorough planning and hard work.
According to the passage, what do Microsoft, Apple and Google all have in common?
The word "rapport" in paragraph 3 closely means ______.
Write one word in each gap.
BICYCLE SAFETY
Having to obey rules and regulations when riding a bike is one of first experiences children have of the idea of obeying the law. , a large number of children are left to learn the rules by trial and error of being guided by experienced adults. Every year, hundreds of children visit the doctor or the hospital casualty department after on their bikes. This could be easily prevented by them the basics of bicycle safety. Ideally, children should be allowed to ride only safe places, such as parks and cycle tracks. When this is not possible, and they are permitted to go on the road, it is important to teach them some basic safety principles.
First, they ought to learn and obey the rules of the road, include traffic signs, signals and road markings. Second, they should always wear a helmet. Studies have shown that wearing bicycle helmets can reduce head injuries by to 85 percent. In many places, helmets are by law, particularly for children. , children should be made to understand the importance of riding in areas that are brightly lit and of wearing clothes that make them clearly visible on the road.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
Camp Towhee
The final bell may have rung, sounding the end to another year of education, but this does not necessarily mean that learning need end as well. Summer, and its attendant activities, should be fun, challenging and full of opportunities to learn new skills, while peers and pursuing personal development.
Camp Towhee, located in picturesque Haliburton, Ontario, has all of these things and more on . Open to 10-18-year-olds, Camp Towhee is a residential therapeutic programme for children and teens with learning which can be caused by anything from short attention to hyperactivity.
The camp has highly-trained motivated staff that have the necessary professional qualifications to address the unique needs of each and individual camper. The camp is known for its very high staff to camper ratio and campers on the attention that they receive from their camp counsellors. Campers stay in spacious cabins which can accommodate up to six people and all meals are served "family style" in a large communal dining hall.
Assessments and discussions with parents and campers take place until the end of January of any given year about whether the camp programme is suitable a particular girl or boy. By early February at the , decisions are made for most campers about offering them a place at the camp.
(Adapted from Reactivate)
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in the gap of the following questions.
The American painter George Wesley Bellows (1882-1925) was the only son of an elderly couple who (EXAMPLE) the Midwestern values of honest business practice and strict morality.
From earliest childhood, he seemed determined to become an artist. Before graduating from Ohio State University, and in the face of stiff parental (OPPOSE) he moved to New York to study art. There he was strongly influenced by "The Eight", or American Ashcan School. For the (REMAIN) of his life, his work was characterized by realist subject matter, (LIE) which was a traditional approach to composition. He was also fascinated by the various systems of color (RELATE) that painters were using at the time, and studied them in detail. The truly outstanding work that he produced in these early days (SHADOW) and contributed to much of his later painting.
Despite his identification with common, even low-life themes, he was elected an associate of the (PRESTIGE) National Academy at the exceptionally early age of 27. One of the reasons the Academy honored Bellows, while (HOLD) approval from many of the other members of “The Eight", was the fact that there were unmistakable references to the old masters in Bellows' work. He was one of the few artists who (INSTINCT) combined a modern verve and energy with an appreciation of (ART) tradition, and his almost universal appeal was therefore not surprising.
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The research has shown very useful value in the study of children's language. (INVALUABLE)
=> The research has ..........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The impression his boss has of Jack is that he’s an ambitious person. (ACROSS)
=> Jack ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
I don't mind whether we have the meeting today or tomorrow. (MAKES)
=> It ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Sean did all the illustrations for the book but no one acknowledged his work. (CREDIT)
=> Sean wasn't ............
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
Addicts of computer games struggle to distinguish the virtual world from the real world. (DRAW)
=> Those obsessed ...........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Fortunately his route took him very near where they lived. (LUCK)
=> As ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
He was extremely happy because he won that scholarship. (MOON)
=> Had ..........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Just thinking about his face at the moment makes me laugh.
=> The very ..........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The boy was about to cry when he was reprimanded by his mother.
=> The boy was on ..........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
It was more of a business arrangement than a marriage.
=> It was not so .........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
That rumor about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false.
=> There is ............
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
We need to think about how old the house is when making our decision.
=> We need to take ………
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
You only have a short time to do this work, so don't waste time.
=> You are working ...........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Linda was very nervous which made her look like a bashful girl.
=> Such ........