In Britain people without gardens often grow vegetables and flowers on their ______.
The journey was quite difficult, but the travelers were ______ the worse for the experience.
Rarely have I visited ______, Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia.
Tom: Is your government salary good?
Mary: Yes, but I don't make as much _____ worked in private industry.
The child sat in the middle of the floor and ______ refused to move.
_____ political ambitions, corporate career and family to care for, Jane has no time for socializing.
Prices listed in this catalogue are subject to change without _____.
He seems to have been, _____, sharply aware of other people and unusually receptive.
There is _____ of human progress within the frontiers of France without progress in the field of all things technical.
From the middle of the table came a loud guffaw. "______," thought James.
Because of her recent poor form, she is only expected to come fourth _____.
"We saw how John stood up for the rule of law and that's why he ______ an award," she said.
They seemed to be _____ to the criticism and just carried on as before.
When I arrived on the spot, I found out that I _____ the heavy gas bottle on my back because the campsite now had electric cookers.
The sky darkened and there was a distant _____ of thunder.
I find the prose style of many American writers virtually _____.
People whose main concern is _____ may eventually develop some serious health problems.
Unfortunately, Jamie's plans to tour around Australia didn't _____ due to a lack of finances.
Computer is said to be _____ for the development of mankind.
The team's win in the final playoff has _____ their qualification for the Women's World Cup.
_____, the defendant grew increasingly nervous.
He had a reason for doing it, but precisely _____ will probably never be known.
Fill each of the following blanks with ONE suitable word.
Twenty years ago, kids in school had never even heard of the internet. Now, I'll bet you can't find a single person in your school who hasn't at least heard of it. In fact, many of us use it on a basis and even have access to it from our homes! The 'net' in the Internet really stands for network. A network is two or more computers connected together so that information can be , or sent from one computer to another.
The internet is a vast resource for all types of information. You may enjoy using it to do research for a school project, your favorite songs or communicating with friends and family. Information is through web pages that companies, organizations and individuals create and post. It's kind of like a giant board that the whole world uses! But since anyone can put anything on the internet, you also have to be careful and use your best and a little common sense.
Just because you read something on a piece of paper someone sticks on a bulletin board doesn't mean it's good information, or even correct, for that matter. So you have to be sure that whoever the information knows what they're talking about, especially if you're doing research!
But what if you're just emailing people? You still have to be very careful. If you've never met the person that you're with online, you could be on ground. You should never give out any personal information to someone you don't know, not even your name! And just like you can't believe the information on every website out there, you can't rely on what you 'meet' on the internet tell you either. Just like you could make up things about yourself to tell someone, someone else could do the same to you!
Fill each of the following blanks with ONE suitable word.
KARAOKE FEVER
Karaoke is fast becoming the nation's Number One party pastime. Public humiliation has been so fashionable. It's 1 a.m, at an exclusive location in the heart of London. A major pop singer has taken the stage but rather than sing her latest hit, she treats the crowd a Michael Jackson song. What was the party habit of teenagers is now favored by London's coolest crowd and everyone is having a . So why are so many of our young celebrities queueing up to make fools of in clubs and bars across the country? Maybe it's because out a naff pop song to a public audience shows that even though you may be a celebrity, you don't yourself too seriously. And if you are a big movie star, that's a good message to get across. Nobody gets away without being laughed on a karaoke evening, no matter how famous they are.
After all, that's the whole point of the exercise. for the musical experts among you, a word of warning: this isn't about proving to the world that you know all the lyrics to a serious song. It's about expressing your inner performer. Don't bother up at a karaoke-night if you aren't prepared to sing; you've got to put in the effort and prove that you are one of the 'in-crowd' Break a leg!
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
The national park movement began in the United States in 1870 when a team of explorers suggested that part of the Yellowstone River region be in order to protect its geothermal , wildlife, forests, and scenery for the benefit' of future generations. Congress by creating Yellowstone National Park the world's first, in 1872.
The idea proved , and the number of national parks in this country grew rapidly, new parks being set up by presidential and sometimes as a result of gifts by states of the union or by individuals. Administration of this increasingly complex system was in the hands of the U.S. Army for thirty years from 1886, but then Congress created the National Park Service as part of the Department of the Interior to it.
Today, in addition to what might be thought of as typical national parks, the Service also manages places of historic interest, hiking trails, seashores, rivers, of scientific interest and memorials. In all, more than 300 entities are involved, covering over 32 million hectares. Each unit is directed by a superintendent who is responsible for all aspects of the operation. Staff administrative personnel and, according to the nature of the unit, park rangers, naturalists, historians, and workers.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
The small garden
Gardening isn't just for older people - it can be great fun for all the family. You don't need a big garden - even a small space can be used to all kinds of delicious herbs and vegetables and the will brighten up even the dullest balcony or patio. There's nothing like cutting a few fresh of mint or parsley to add to your summer salads!
You can also teach your kids the value of recycling and reusing everyday household items in the process. Fill an old egg tray with soil. one seed in each of the separate egg compartments. Lightly cover the tray with a piece of cling film in order to moisture - at this stage, a(n) atmosphere is best. Put the tray on the windowsill in the sunshine and your seeds will soon begin to . Be careful though - if the weather is , move the tray to a cooler spot. When the first mates begin to show through the soil, transfer them larger pots.
Avoid harmful chemicals by collecting all the vegetable and fruit peelings from your kitchen and creating your own organic compost with to fertilize your new plants!
(Adapted from Reactivate)
Read the following passage and complete the tasks.
Motivating Drives
Scientists have been researching the way to get employees motivated for many years. This research is a relational study which builds the fundamental and comprehensive model for study. This is especially true when the business goal is to turn unmotivated teams into productive ones. But their researchers have limitations. It is like studying the movements of car without taking out the engine.
Motivation is what drives people to succeed and plays a vital role in enhancing an organizational development. It is important to study the motivation of employees because it is related to the emotion and behavior of employees. Recent studies show there are four drives for motivation. They are the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend.
The Drive to Acquire
The drive to acquire must be met to optimize the acquire aspect as well as the achievement element. Thus the way that outstanding performance is recognized, the type of perks that is provided to polish the career path. But sometimes a written letter of appreciation generates more motivation than a thousand-dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement. Successful organizations and leaders not only need to focus on the optimization of physical reward but also on moving other levers within the organization that can drive motivation.
The Drive to Bond
The drive to bond is also key to driving motivation. There are many kinds of bonds between people, like friendship, family. In company, employees also want to be an essential part of company. They want to belong to the company. Employees will be motivated if they find personal belonging to the company. In the meantime, the most commitment will be achieved by the employee on condition that the force of motivation within the employee affects the direction, intensity and persistence of decision and behavior in company.
The Drive to Comprehend
The drive to comprehend motivates many employees to higher performance. For years, it has been known that setting stretch goals can greatly impact performance. Organizations need to ensure that the various job roles provide employees with simulation that challenges them or allow them to grow. Employees don’t want to do meaningless things or monotonous job. If the job didn’t provide them with personal meaning and fulfillment, they will leave the company.
The Drive to Defend
The drive to defend is often the hardest lever to pull. This drive manifests itself as a quest to create and promote justice, fairness, and the ability to express ourselves freely. The organizational lever for this basic human motivator is resource allocation. This drive is also met through an employee feeling connection to a company. If their companies are merged with another, they will show worries.
Two studies have been done to find the relations between the four drives and motivation. The article based on two studies was finally published in Harvard Business Review. Most authors’ arguments have laid emphasis on four-drive theory and actual investigations. Using the results of the surveys which executed with employees from Fortune 500 companies and other two global businesses (P company and H company), the article mentions about how independent drives influence employees’ behavior and how organizational levers boost employee motivation.
The studies show that the drive to bond is most related to fulfilling commitment, while the drive to comprehend is most related to how much effort employees spend on works. The drive to acquire can be satisfied by a rewarding system which ties rewards to performances, and gives the best people opportunities for advancement. For drive to defend, a study on the merging of P company and H company shows that employees in former company show an unusual cooperating attitude.
The key to successfully motivate employees is to meet all drives. Each of these drives is important if we are to understand employee motivation. These four drives, while not necessarily the only human drives, are the ones that are central to unified understanding of modern human life.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage?
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
Increasing pay can lead to the high work motivation.
Local companies benefit more from global companies through the study.
Employees achieve the most commitment if their drive to comprehend is met.
The employees in former company presented unusual attitude toward the merging of two companies.
The two studies are done to analyze the relationship between the natural drives and the attitude of employees.
Rewarding system cause the company to lose profit.
Choose THREE letters, A-F.
Which THREE of the following statements are true of study of drives?
Read the text and do the tasks that follow.
VOLUNTEERING: ENRICHING OTHERS AND HELPING ONESELF
A. Volunteering, some might mistakenly think, embraces a plethora of people from all walks of life as well as activities, but data from the other side of the world suggest otherwise. A 2001 survey on who participated in volunteering by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in the United Kingdom (UK) revealed that people in higher income households are more likely than others to volunteer. In England and Wales, 57 percent of adults with gross annual household incomes of E75,000 or more, have volunteered formally (such as raising or handling money for a charity or being a member of a committee) in the 12 months prior to the survey date. They were almost twice as likely to have done so than those living in households with an annual income under El 0,000.
B. As well as having high household incomes, volunteers also tend to have higher academic qualifications, be in higher socio-economic groups and be in employment. Among people with a degree or postgraduate qualification, 79 percent had volunteered informally and 57 percent had volunteered formally in the previous 12 months. For people with no qualifications the corresponding proportions were 52 percent and 23 percent. But voluntary work is certainly not the exclusive preserve of the rich, nor should it be. Does the answer not lie perhaps in the fact that the rich tend to have money to allow them the time to be become involved in voluntary work compared to less well-off people?
C. A breakdown in the year 2000 of the range of volunteering activities taken from The Australian Bureau of Statistics gives an idea of the scale of activities in which people are typically involved. Eleven sectors are given ranging from Community and Welfare, which accounted for just over a quarter of the total hours volunteered in Australia, to Law/justice/politics with 1.2 percent at the other end of the scale. Other fields included sport/recreation, religious activities and education, following at 21.2 percent, 16.9 and 14.3 percent respectively. Foreign/international volunteer work accounted for 2.4 percent of the total hours. The data here also seem to point to a cohort of volunteers with expertise and experience.
D. The knock-on effect of volunteering on the lives of individuals can be profound. Voluntary work helps foster independence and imparts the ability to deal with different situations, often simultaneously, thus teaching people how to work their way through different systems. It therefore brings people into touch with the real world; and, hence, equips them for the future.
E. Initially, young adults in their late teens might not seem to have the expertise or knowledge to impart to others that say a teacher or agriculturalist or nurse would have, but they do have many skills that can help others. And in the absence of any particular talent, their energy and enthusiasm can be harnessed for the benefit of their fellow human beings, and ultimately themselves. From all this, the gain to any community no matter how many volunteers are involved is immeasurable.
F. Employers will generally look favourably on people who have shown an ability to work as part of a team. It demonstrates a willingness to learn and an independent spirit which would be desirable qualities in any employee. So to satisfy employers' demands for experience when applying for work, volunteering can act as a means of gaining experience that might otherwise elude would-be workers and can ultimately lead to paid employment in the desired field.
G. But what are the prerequisites for becoming a volunteer? One might immediately think of attributes like kindness, selflessness, strength of character, ability to deal with others, determination, adaptability and flexibility and a capacity to comprehend the ways of other people. While offering oneself selflessly, working as a volunteer makes further demands on the individual. It requires a strength of will, a sense of moral responsibility for one's fellow human beings, and an ability to fit into the ethos of an organization or community. But it also requires something which in no way detracts from the valuable work done by volunteers and which may seem at first glance both contradictory and surprising: self-interest.
H. Organizations involved in any voluntary work have to be realistic about this. If someone, whatever the age, is going to volunteer and devote their time without money, they do need to receive something from it for themselves. People who are unemployed can use volunteer work as a stepping-stone to employment or as a means of finding out whether they really like the field they plan to enter or as a way to help them find themselves.
I. It is tempting to use some form of community work as an alternative to national service or as punishment for petty criminals by making the latter for example clean up parks, wash away graffiti, work with victims of their own or other people. This may be acceptable, but it does not constitute volunteer work, two cardinal rules of which are the willingness to volunteer without coercion and working unpaid.
Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the letters A-I next to each piece of information (1-6).
a description of what does not satisfy the criteria for volunteer work
the impact of voluntary work on the development of individuals
the requirement for both selflessness and self-interest in volunteers
various areas in which people volunteer
the benefit of voluntary work for the young
a mistaken view of volunteering
Why was the ONS survey conducted?
Which of the following is NOT true according to paragraph B?
Rich people volunteer, MOST probably because they have _____.
Volunteer work benefits people by providing them with _____.
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write only ONE letter, A-F for each answer in boxes 1-3 on the answer sheet.
|
A. consider workers with volunteer work experience an asset. B. successfully land a very well-paid job. C. gain access to a job in a field of interest. D. reap the greatest benefit from volunteer work. E. understand how people behave. F. favour a much younger worker cohort. |
One of the requirements of being a volunteer is being able to
Volunteering can be used as a way for the unemployed to
Employers in general tend to
Complete the passage by changing the form of the word in capitals.
Getting away from it all
If you're looking for a destination which is off the (BEAT) track, then nowhere could be better than the (FLING) island of Palawan in the Philippines. It is the largest sofa archipelago of 1,780 islands and boasts incredibly clear waters, pristine white beaches and wonderfully (PICTURE) fishing villages.
Accommodation ranges from five-star luxury hotels to family-run guesthouses and cheap (CATER) peach huts where you can do all your own cooking and enjoy complete independence. So even young people who are traveling on a (SHOE) can afford to stay on this stunning island.
(DENY) one of the most beautiful destinations in the world, Palawan Island is very different from the overcrowded tourist traps found elsewhere in the Philippines. You can expect to spend a (HASSLE) week or two in this tropical paradise as the atmosphere is very (LAY), non-commercial, and (REFESH) authentic, allowing visitors to truly (WIND) and connect with nature.
Six paragraphs have been removed from the passage.
A. Arecibo wasn't the first time Drake pondered how to address an alien audience. In March 1972, a plaque he designed with legendary astronomer Carl Sagan was blasted into space on board the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. A few years later, Drake and Sagan would team up again on a much more ambitious project, attaching a gold-plated record full of music and photos onto the two Voyager probes.
B. If you're sending a message to extraterrestrials, what you want to send is what's special about us and our planet - what's unusual. Now that's not basic chemistry or mineralogy, it's pretty much the cultural stuff and the consequences of evolution.
C. Humans have debated the best ways to contact our interstellar neighbours for centuries. In 1820, German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss proposed cutting an enormous right-angled triangle into the Siberian pine forest, creating a monument to the Pythagorean theorem big enough to see from outer space. Twenty years later, Austrian astronomer Joseph von Littrow expanded on that idea, suggesting the excavation of huge trenches in the Sahara desert, which would be filled with kerosene and set ablaze. Flaming triangles, circles and squares would be a beacon to our solar neighbours, at least until the fire went out.
D. Next comes the question of what the message should say. Drake says if he could do it again, he might convene an international committee of scientists, artists, politicians and religious figures to produce a holographic movie about life on Earth.
E. But what if we decided we wanted to send a message with intent, something that will say more about us than simply popular culture? What's the best way to send a message that will be received, understood and useful?
F. The mathematical approach has its critics. "You're not going to send the value of Pi", says Shostak. "If aliens sent us the value of Pi, wouldn't you be disappointed? You learned that in seventh grade. Instead, why not transmit everything we've got? I would just send the entire contents of Google's servers", says Shostak. "To begin with, you don't have to worry about the fact that they don't speak English, because there's a lot of redundancy, so they'll learn it. And every subject is in there..."
G. We could use the same radio frequencies as the Arecibo message, but why not do something a little more dramatic? The universe is pretty transparent to optical light; that's how we can see far away galaxies. If we used a bank of high-powered lasers, we could beam a high-bandwidth message across the cosmos.
Read the following passage. Choose from paragraphs (A-G) the one which fits each gap. There is one extra paragraph that you do not need to use.
How to Talk to Aliens
On November 16, 1974, astronomer Frank Drake dedicated a new observatory in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, by sending humankind's first deliberate communication to extraterrestrials.
The message, made up of 1,679 seemingly random zeros and ones, was shorter than the first four paragraphs of this article, but it still took three minutes to send. While the message began its voyage to the cosmosa 24,000-year trip to M-13, a cluster of stars in the constellation Hercules, to be exact - visiting dignitaries listened over a loudspeaker while each bit played as a short, high-pitched tone. Some participants later said it brought tears to their eyes.
To a large extent, modern technologies have made these suggestions irrelevant. Since the 1920s, human radio and TV broadcasts have spammed the galaxy and anyone listening has already gotten an earful. "In some sense, this is all academic, because we have been broadcasting to aliens for decades," says Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the SETI Institute, a non-profit organization dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. "They're already watching re-runs of our TV shows!"
The Arecibo broadcast represented one approach. Those 1,679 zeros and ones carried hidden meaning for any intelligent species who noticed that 1,679 is the product of two prime numbers, 73 and 23. Arrange the message in 73 rows of 23 numbers, and you get a picture painted in bits. It was a novel approach, but the message was hidden, and it depended on aliens making leaps of logic in order to decipher it.
These efforts are notable because so few other attempts have been made to craft a message to alien civilisations. But as actual attempts at communication, the spacecrafts fall flat. They're too small to notice and move too slowly. Far better to use a broadcast signal, which we can target at a specific star, and which moves at the speed of light.
And we could do it with style. "One nice thing about light is that creatures develop eyes, and it would be possible to make optical radiation bright enough to see," says Paul Horowitz, a professor of physics at Harvard University. "That's an unmistakable signature. You look up, and there's a star, blinking in code, and the colour's changing, too."
Other researchers say that the best way to get an alien's attention is to send it a significant numeric pattern, perhaps prime numbers or the value of Pi. "Maybe the most fundamental way to initiate a message would be with mathematics", says Horowitz. "A lot of stuff will surely be understood by anybody, no matter what slime they're made out of, because it's so basic."
The discussion might seem academic. But many astronomers are confident they'll detect an extraterrestrial intelligence in the next few decades, and when that happens, we'd better have an official reply ready, or risk being drowned out by the public.
* Search for Extra Intelligence
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
The phone bill was so expensive that Dave was furious. (ARMS)
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
I don't understand one word of the scientific article that my professor assigned for homework. (HEAD)
=> I can the scientific article that my professor assigned for homework.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
I didn't get home late so Dad wasn't upset with me. (BOOKS)
=> I if I'd got home late.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the words in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the words given.
When confronted with his crime, the accused was unrepentant. (NO REMORSE)
=> The accused crime he had committed.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
It would be wise to discuss that with those who are accountable. (POWERS)
=> You'd better talk about that.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
There are going to be a few alterations in this area; do you follow what I’m saying, Tim? (DRIFT)
=> A few adjustments are forthcoming in this space; do , Tim?
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
At the start of the meeting, Ashley summarised what had been discussed last time. (KICKED)
=> Ashley a summary of what had been discussed last time.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
Strict regulation of the juvenile inmates is absolutely necessary. (KEEP)
=> It's imperative for us inmates.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
It is unlikely that the for-profit sector will provide quality higher education. (OF)
=> There quality higher education.
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, using the word in brackets. You must use between THREE and EIGHT words, including the word given. Do NOT change the word given.
The company's main ambition is to become the market leader this year. (HEART)
=> The company has the market leader this year.