Honour still _____, they got back into their lorries and were off again, this time trying to edge each other into a deep ravine that fell away at one side of the road.
Karen was proud ______ to represent her school at the debating competition.
If only the café _____ soft background music instead of pop songs which make it impossible to hold a quiet conversation.
Our journey was _____ by the icy roads, which forced us to drive very slowly.
Mary is a(n) _____ liar. She was even arrested for lying to a police officer.
He started hammering on the adjoining wall but Mary carried on ______.
You don't _____ all this nonsense, do you?
The designer refuses to gild the _____, preferring clean, simple lines for his creations.
_____ could only have been made by someone incompetent.
There should be an _____ role for government in social problems.
Those stones have been here on this very spot since time _____.
My parents had a lot of children, so sometimes there wasn't enough food to _____.
_____ vines clung to the trellises, weaving a tapestry of green and gold under the summer sun.
The couple seems to be very happy about the house. The real estate agent _____ great recommendations for them.
It is suggested that a detailed analysis _____ to determine the root cause of the issue.
After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and psychoanalysis, both _____ her novels and short stories.
He found a(n) _____ in a small boutique during his travels.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
Bullying
Persistent bullying can lead to a child suffering from low self-esteem, depression, and suicidal feelings. All too often, parents of children who have been out by the class bully are at a as to how to handle the situation, which includes their child's self-confidence. However, it has recently been suggested that some children actually conduct themselves in ways that mark them out as easy victims. Examples include submissive behavior and poor social skills. One effective way of changing this is for the children concerned to stop displaying the anxious vulnerability that bullies so often recognize and exploit. Relaxation techniques can be used to this . Another anti-bullying tactic is voice training. Loud and assertive speech is believed to act as a deterrent to bullies. In the school environment, it is also a way of the teacher's attention to what is happening without to tale-telling - something most children feel is inappropriate.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
The ability to weep is a uniquely human form of emotional response. Some scientists have suggested that human tears are evidence an aquatic past, but this does not seem very likely. We cry from the moment we enter this world, for a number of reasons. Helpless babies cry to persuade their parents that they are ill, hungry or uncomfortable. As they develop, they will also cry just to attract parental attention and will often stop when they get it.
The idea that having a good cry can do you is a very old one and now it has scientific validity since recent research into tears has shown that they contain a natural painkiller called enkaphalin. By sorrow and pain, this chemical helps you feel better. Weeping can increase the quantities of enkaphalin .
Unfortunately, in our society, we impose restrictions upon this naturally healing activity. Because some people still regard it as a sign of weakness in men, boys in particular are when they cry. This kind of repression can only increase stress, both emotionally and physically.
Tears of emotion also help the body itself of toxic chemical waste, there is more protein in them than in tears resulting from cold winds or other irritants. Crying comforts and calms can be very enjoyable - consider the popularity of highly emotional films commonly “weepies”. It seems that people enjoy crying together almost as much as laughing together.
Read the following passage and complete the tasks.
PSYCHOMETRICS
A. Psychometrics involves psychological and educational assessment of the subject by way of measuring attitudes, personality, abilities and knowledge. The field has two primary focuses; the creation of measurement instruments and procedures and development and enhancement of existing methodology employed.
B. The concept of psychometric testing, introduced long before the establishment of IQ testing and other current methodologies, was first explored by Francis Galton who developed the first testing procedures supposedly related to intelligence; however, his measurement tools were in fact based upon physical and physiological benchmarks rather than testing of the mind itself. Measurements included the physical power, height and weight of subjects which were recorded and results used to estimate the intelligence of subjects. While the approach was not successful, the studies conducted by Galton were to influence the work of future researchers. Approaches to measurement of intelligence, which is defined as the mind’s relative ability to reason, think, conceptually plan, solve problems, understand and learn, were later developed by pioneers such as Charles Spearman. Significant contributions to its early development were also made by Wilhelm Wundt, L.L. Thurstone, Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Fechner.
C. The most well-known traditional approach to development of psychometric instruments to measure intelligence is the Stanford-Binet IQ test, originally developed by French psychologist Alfred Binet. Researchers define intelligence as separate to other attributes such as personality, character, creativity and even knowledge and wisdom for the purpose of their assessment. Intelligence testing methods are not intended to determine a level of genetic intelligence separate from and unaffected by the environment to which the individual has been exposed to in life; rather to measure the intelligence of an individual apparent as a result of both nature and nurture. Psychometrics is today a useful and widely used tool used for measurement of abilities in academic areas such as reading, writing and mathematics.
D. IQ tests are commonly used to test intelligence, though some believe that this testing is unfair and not truly representative of the subject’s intellect as individuals may excel in different areas of reasoning. Psychologist Howard Gardner, working on this assumption, introduced the concept of an individual cognitive profile in 1983 in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. He holds that one child may perform excellently in one aspect, yet fail in another and that their overall performance in a number of intellectual areas should be considered. Gardner first identified seven different types of intelligence, these being; linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily- kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal and intrapersonal. In 1999 after further research he added an 8th element to the equation; naturalistic intelligence, and at the time of writing is investigating the possibility of a 9th; this being existential intelligence.
E. The first intelligence as defined by Gardner in the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, linguistic intelligence, relates to an individual’s ability to process and communicate written and spoken words. Such people are said to excel at reading, writing, story-telling, learning a foreign language and the memorising of words and dates. The logical-mathematical category is related to a person’s ability to reason logically, think scientifically, make deductions and perform well in mathematic calculations. Spatial intelligence is related to vision and spatial judgment; such individuals have been observed to have a strong visual memory and the potential to excel in artistic subjects. Those exhibiting a leaning towards the third classification, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, often learn best by physically practising an action rather than by reading or seeing.
F. Musical intelligence, as the name suggests, relates to ability in defining differences in rhythm and tones; individuals possessing musical intelligence are often able to sing, play musical instruments and compose music to a high standard. Since a high level of audio-related ability exists, many in this category are said to learn well in a lecture situation where they are required to listen attentively to information. Interpersonal intelligence relates to an individual’s ability to communicate and empathise with others; typically extrovert, they learn well through discussion, debate and interaction with others. The last of the 7 original categories identified by Gardner, intrapersonal intelligence, fits the opposite description of interpersonal intelligence; such individuals working best independently. According to Gardner they are capable of high levels of self reflection and are often perfectionists.
G. A number of psychometric experts, however, oppose Gardner’s view’s and have reservations about the validity of his theories. Firstly, some detractors disagree with the overall definition of intelligence used in Gardner’s theory. They hold that, in fact, some categories such as interpersonal or intrapersonal intelligence relate more to personality that cognitive performance. The more recently identified naturalistic intelligence, which relates to an affinity to the natural world and an ability to nurture and cultivate, has been dismissed completely by many as no more than a hobby. Doubts have been raised that others, such as musical intelligence, are in reality talents. A final criticism attached to the theory is that some believe that the intelligences cannot be treated as separate entities as some individuals may perform equally well in what could be considered diverse areas; linguistic and logical-mathematical for example. Gardner however maintains that his theories are sound, since an identifiable and separate part of the brain is responsible for controlling aspects related to each of the different types of intelligence.
H. Despite the criticism received from some of his contemporaries, Gardner’s theories are well respected and often applied in the world of education as a tool for identifying children’s differing abilities and potential career paths. For Instance, those showing linguistic capabilities are said to be ideal in roles including writing, politics and teaching; logical mathematical thinkers suited to careers in science, mathematics, law, medicine and philosophy. Those exhibiting spatial intelligence are said to be suited to a career such as art, engineering or architecture; while individuals with a leaning towards bodily-kinesthetic intelligence may excel in areas such as athletics, dancing or craft-making. Strengths in the area of musical intelligence are said to often lead to success as a singer, conductor or musician. Those displaying strong interpersonal skills have been recognised as often making effective politicians, managers, diplomats and social workers; while those showing a dominant intrapersonal intelligence are said to be better suited to professions involving more self reflection and lower levels of interaction with the outside world such as writing, philosophy or theology.
The reading passage has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
NB. You may use any letter more than once.
Physiological evidence from Gardner that his intelligence theories are sound.
Aims of intelligence testing.
Initial failure in successful measurement.
How high level social skills are linked and classified as interpersonal intelligence.
Differences in opinions on what constitutes talent or intelligence.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the given passage?
|
TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN |
if the statement agrees with the views of the writer if the statement contradicts the views of the writer if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
Early studies into intelligence were misguided and have had no impact on today’s methods.
Research into IQ is designed to determine the level of intelligence an individual is born with.
Howard Gardner has confirmed 9 different types of intelligence.
Spatial intelligence has been linked to creativity.
An individual may demonstrate high levels of intelligence in contradictory areas.
Those demonstrating intrapersonal intelligence always make bad managers.
Some believe that IQ tests do not correctly estimate an individual’s intelligence because _____.
The intelligence, as classified by Gardner, relating to an ability to memorise items seen is _____.
The harshest criticism of Gardner’s theory has been focussed towards _____.
There are 5 errors in the following passage. Identify the errors, write the line number and correct the ERRORS.
| Line | Passage |
| 1 | Most obviously, those exposing to weekly general music classes or private instrumental or |
| 2 | vocal lessons will find an outlet for their creativity and self-expression. Therefore, a closer, |
| 3 | more-scientific look at music will show that the advantages are indeed much greater than |
| 4 | just increased creativity. |
| 5 | Research has showed that learning a musical instrument and merely learning how to read |
| 6 | music assists a child in developing higher thinking skills, such as problem-solving and |
| 7 | problem-finding, analysis, and evaluation. A child who learns to understand the aspects of |
| 8 | reading music, including notation, key signatures, and other items find on a piece of music |
| 9 | as well as the child who develops the ability following the sequence of notes, is using the |
| 10 | same portion of the brain that is used in mathematics thinking. Gifted musicians, it's |
| 11 | reported, are often gifted mathematicians as well. |
Example: (0) Line 1: exposing => exposed
| Line | Errors | Corrections |
Read the passage below and fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.
The teaching of history in secondary schools is a matter of continuing debate among educators and historians . Those who argue in of learning history by rote are fortunately the last a dying breed, but there are still many educators as well as parents lament the recent decline of young people's awareness of important historical events. Proponents of view maintain that there is a body of knowledge about our collective past which must be handed from one generation to the next.
Others, however, argue that skills such as analysis, critical thinking, research and writing are of greater value to students in the long run. They also point that the very question of whose history should be taught to secondary school students yet to be satisfactorily answered. Both the history of women and of minority groups have been overlooked in conventional history teaching, and supporters of this latter view ask: "Isn't history ours, as well?"
Complete the text by changing the form of the word in capitals.
FENG SHUI
Feng Shui is the ancient Chinese art of bringing balance to one's immediate surroundings. It aims to harness energy flow within the home to make it a nice, (HEALTH) place in which to live. Although in the West it has only recently gained (ACCEPT) , in China it is considered (DISPENSE) to consult a Feng Shui practitioner before (LOCATE) house or establishing a business. On a mundane level, it is the art of furniture placement, but under stricter (SCRUTINIZE) , meaningful philosophical and religious roots are found (PIN) this venerable art form. The Taoist philosophy out of which it grew sees the world as made up of potent but invisible energy which it calls 'chi'. Feng Shui aims to divert this hidden flow to create a harmonious environment. Although this is an unfamiliar concept to the Western world, the rise of Feng Shui continues (ABATE) . Feng Shui offers some basic rules with which to augment the potential of one's environment. Removal of clutter is said to promote feelings of (LUCID) and calmness. The utilisation of plants (ACT) the detrimental effect of machinery, computers and so on. Finally, because chi energy enters through the front door, it is provident to keep one's door in perfect condition to remove any (IMPEDE) to the passage of entering chi energy.
Some paragraphs A-H have been removed from the passage. Put them back to their correct places 1-7.
A. These days, however, mothers can expect to be relied on almost indefinitely for the type of advice that calls on our experience of the outside world. A generation ago, it was accepted that sons would eventually leave their mothers to join the world of, men and work. Mothers put their 18 years in and then opened the door to allow their sons to move into jobs for life.
B. Friends told me that they, too, were getting the same volume of confidences. Celia Pyper says this is normal behavior for today's boys: 'Our sons will tell us more than their fathers told their mothers, because we have brought them up to do so. Our norm has been to empathize with our children when they tell us about their actions or feelings, whereas the previous generation tended to be shocked.'
C. Many of my friends are surprised at this reluctance of their 20-something sons to break away. But according to psychotherapist Celia Pyper, the mother-son intimacy is nothing new. 'Mums have always been easier to talk to,' she observes. 'They’re more cuddly than their fathers, and sons realize early on that their mothers are more accepting of human frailty.'
D. They are not in any doubt about how to respond to the situation. As one friend said of her rather reticent son: 'My job is to give my son courage' and whilst we might welcome the chance to see more of our children, One does have the feeling that there is something anti-natural in all this.
E. ’But don't assume that girls are any tougher than boys,' says Celia Pyper. 'Daughters need their mothers too.' Certainly, I know how much my own daughters need me. But this continuing mother-daughter bond is something I expected
F. This, alone, may not imply closeness, however, Rob rings his mother from university three times a week, but says he is careful to edit what he tells her. And although he'll approach her for advice on practical issues, when it comes to matters of the heart: 'Why would I go to my mother or my father, after the mess they've made of their lives?' he asked.
G. The next afternoon he told me what had happened. Then he told me more, and more, and even more. A moment arrived when I couldn't help asking myself, should I be hearing all of this? It wasn't that I was shocked. He reminded me of myself in my own student years, but with one important difference — I would never ever have confided in my parents this way.
H. As he got older and had to ride to school on a bus, with other children, all too often there were situations in which he didn't. I had to teach him how to put up new defences so that his rougher classmates would not see his weaknesses.
One night, not so long ago, just I was drifting off to sleep, the phone rang. It was my 19 year-old son, who is at university in Edinburgh, calling to say that he had broken up with his girlfriend at midnight and he had been wandering around the city ever since, not knowing what to do. I told him to catch the first train home. He arrived looking a wreck, but after a good sleep and some home cooking, he began to feel his old self again.
Girls I knew then were fairly open with their mothers, but none of my male contemporaries would ever have admitted asking their mothers for advice. Despite all our talk about how important it was for men to let down their defences and learn how to express their feelings, most of us still secretly felt that any man who depended on his mother too much was a bit of a mummy's boy.
But things don't work that way anymore. In a world of short-term contract, downsizing and redundancy, even the most promising and ambitious of our children will go through many career highs and lows during their twenties and whenever they hit those depths, many of them will return to the nest. A typical son will continue to be at least partly dependent on his mother well past the age of 18.
They are also better able to see through the mask of apparent self confidence. When my boy was growing up, he always maintained a fairly invincible front. His early imaginary play involved sieges,ambushes and surprise attacks. His starting point,though, was always a danger against which he needed to defend himself. He used the game to convince himself that he could prevail.
In his teens, he used many of these same tricks to keep me at a bay. If I drove him anywhere to meet his friends, he insisted I drop him off out of sight of where they were waiting. There were girlfriends I never met, and phone conversations which were all in code. But occasionally,a confidential mood would come over him and he would tell me whatever happened to be on his mind.
“And there is another important change” she adds. “Most of us took pains to reassure our sons that it was okay for them to show physical affection or cry when they were upset. If our boys are not so anxious now about showing their emotions, our efforts in this area have not been in vain.” This seems to be backed up by research, which shows that boys call their mothers on their mobile phones more than anyone else.
The mothers at the other end of the line often have correspondingly low expectations. But we try to keep our anxieties at manageable levels by saying; “All right, you can stay out until four in the morning, but only if you call me every hour to let me know you’re okay.” Those of us who add the offer, “And if you need a lift, let me know”, often regret it. Most phone calls will begin: “I’m at the station. When can you pick me up ?”
What I didn't anticipate was for the same thing to happen with my son. I assumed I would lose him, just like all the experts said. It maybe that they were wrong all along - that sons have always confided in their mothers - and just made sure that no one else knew. Have I stumbled on motherhood's best kept secret? Even if I have, it doesn't diminish my sense of wonder. It’s still like getting a present to you never expected.
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The train is too crowded with commuters during the morning rush hour. (SARDINES)
=> The commuters on the train were ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
He causes so much trouble that we can do nothing besides from leaving him to worry and suffer the unpleasant effect of his own actions. (JUICE)
=> As .........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Going to and fro with all the cases is what I can't stand about holidays. (TOING)
=> It's all ..........
Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has the same meaning to the first.
We can't possibly imagine how we are going to afford a new car. (FAINTEST)
=> We don't ..........
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first, using the word in brackets.
The president's bodyguards stood behind him watching. (WERE)
=> Watchfully .....
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way and write no more than EIGHT words in total.
Many students struggle with understanding complex mathematical concepts. (SEA)
=> Many a complex mathematical concepts.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way and write no more than EIGHT words in total.
We don't expect that the tourists in that accident have survived. (HOLD)
=> We don't the tourists in that accident.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way and write no more than EIGHT words in total.
Who do you think is the most suitable candidate for the job? (CUT)
=> Which candidate is your opinion?
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way and write no more than EIGHT words in total.
No one listened to what the politician was saying last night. (EARS)
=> What the politician last night.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way and write no more than EIGHT words in total.
Managers intend to consult their staff about job descriptions. (ARE)
=> Staff job descriptions by their managers.