Từ vựng chủ đề Chất liệu - Materials

Bài viết cung cấp danh sách các chất liệu trong tiếng Anh, bao gồm các loại vải, kim loại phổ biến, khí và các chất khác.

1. Vật liệu xây dựng

Từ vựng	Nghĩa	Ví dụ
brick	gạch	The house has a small backyard, surrounded by a high brick wall.
cement	xi măng	There weren’t any chairs, so she sat on the cement.
concrete	bê tông	The bomb shelter has concrete walls that are three metres thick.
glass	thuỷ tinh	It's a huge window made from a single pane of glass.
gravel	sỏi	A gravel garden is a great option.
marble	đá hoa	This statue is made of marble.
metal	kim loại	The wooden beam is reinforced with a metal plate.
plastic	nhựa	Those flowers aren't real - they're made of plastic.
sand	cát	The child was tracing patterns in the sand with a stick.
slate	đá phiến lợp mái	A disadvantage is the cost of the slate and its installation in comparison with other roofing materials.
stone	đá	They cut enormous blocks of stone out of the hillside.
wood	gỗ	She attached a couple of planks of wood to the wall for shelves.

2. Kim loại

Từ vựng	Nghĩa	Ví dụ
aluminium	nhôm	We take all our aluminium cans for recycling.
brass	đồng thau (là hợp kim của đồng và kẽm)	The door handles were made of brass.
bronze	đồng điếu (đồng thanh - thường là hợp kim của đồng và thiếc, còn có thêm chất khác)	The church bells are made of bronze.
copper	đồng	Chemical analysis revealed a high content of copper.
gold	vàng	Mr Graham was amazed to find 46 ancient gold coins inside the pot.
iron	sắt	A heavy iron chain was clamped around his wrists.
lead	chì	They've bought some lead pipes.
magnesium	magie	Magnesium is less dense than aluminium.
mercury	thuỷ ngân	Mercury is used in batteries, pesticides, and thermometers.
nickel	niken	Nickel is useful because of its resistance to corrosion.
platinum	bạch kim	Materials scientists at Sandia National Laboratories have engineered a platinum-gold alloy believed to be the most wear-resistant metal in the world.
silver	bạc	We gave them a dish made of solid silver as a wedding present.
steel	thép	The concrete is strengthened with steel rods.
tin	thiếc	The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds.
uranium	urani	Uranium was discovered in 1789 by M.H. Klaproth in Berlin, Germany.
zinc	kẽm	Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature
alloy	hợp kim	Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

3. Khí

Từ vựng	Nghĩa	Ví dụ
carbon dioxide	Cacbon điôxít	Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.
helium	heli	Campers choose the colors that are meaningful to them and counselors blow up helium balloons.
hydrogen	hidro	Current metal structures that contain hydrogen, such as valves, fuel tanks and storage vessels, are manufactured from several expensive alloys of aluminum and steel.
nitrogen	nitơ	Nitrogen-rich material is most commonly identified by its green color, but color is not the only criteria.
oxygen	ôxy	Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

4. Sợi

Từ vựng	Nghĩa	Ví dụ
cloth	vải	The coarseness of the cloth irritated her skin.
cotton	cotton	She looked pretty in a simple cotton dress.
lace	ren, đăng ten	Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern.
leather	da	Have you seen Chrissie's new leather jacket? It's majorly cool.
linen	vải lanh	Why cannot they dress themselves in purple and fine linen?
man-made fibres	sợi nhân tạo	Man-made fibers are produced by combining polymers or small molecules.
nylon	nylon	These covers are 100 percent nylon.
polyester	sợi tổng hợp polyester	A popular fabric option for fashion & design is the renowned polyester.
silk	lụa	He was wearing a suit made from pure silk.
wool	len	Put on your red wool cardigan - it'll be nice and warm.

5. Vật liệu khác

Từ vựng	Nghĩa	Ví dụ
charcoal	than củi	I prefer sketching in charcoal to pencil.
coal	than đá	Wood and coal are both combustible substances.
gas	ga	Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all gases.
oil	dầu	You should always check your oil, water and tyres before taking your car on a long trip.
paraffin	Parafin	Made from petroleum, paraffin is a waxy material that absorbs heat.
petrol	xăng	I had to use a bit of petrol to get the fire alight.

asbestos	Amiăng	Inhaling asbestos fibers can make you sick.
ash	tro	We cleaned the ashes out of the fireplace.
cardboard	giấy bồi	We made the figures out of cardboard.
chalk	phấn	He picked up a piece of chalk and wrote the answer on the blackboard.
clay	đất sét	Clay is used for making bricks and pots.
dust	bụi	The furniture was covered in dust and cobwebs.
fibreglass	sợi thuỷ tinh	The hull of the ship is made of fibreglass-reinforced plastic.
mud	bùn	The vehicles got bogged down in the heavy mud.
paper	giấy	Dictionaries are usually printed on thin paper.
rubber	cao su	Tyres are almost always made of rubber.
smoke	khói	Plumes of smoke billowed from the chimney.
soil	đất	The soil in this area is very chalky.

ice	băng đá	The pond was covered in ice all winter.
steam	hơi nước	The pump is driven by steam.
water	nước	The human body is about 50 percent water.

Phân biệt Made of và Made from - Làm từ chất liệu gì

Ta sử dụng cấu trúc Chủ ngữ + to be + made of/made from + chất liệu để nói về chất liệu của một vật nào đó. Sau đây là sự khác nhau giữa Made of và Made from.

1. Made from:

Được làm ra từ (đề cập đến việc nguyên vật liệu bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu để làm nên vật)

Ví dụ:

Paper is made from trees. > Giấy được làm ra từ cây
Wine is made from grapes. > Rượu được làm ra từ những quả nho
This cake is made from all natural ingredients. > Chiếc bánh này được làm ra từ tất cả những nguyên liệu từ tự nhiên

2. Made of

Được làm bằng (Đề cập đến chất liệu làm nên vật). Nguyên liệu không bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu sau khi làm ra vật.

Ví dụ:

This shirt is made of cotton. > Chiếc áo này được làm bằng cốt tông
This house is made of bricks. > Ngôi nhà này được xây từ gạch

Tóm lại, quy tắc chung là:

– Nếu một chất liệu nào đó vẫn giữ nguyên dạng thức của nó thì chúng ta dùng made of.

– Nhưng nếu dạng thức của chất liệu đó thay đổi trong quá trình làm ra hay chế biến, chúng ta dùng made from.