Từ vựng chủ đề Chất liệu - Materials

Bài viết cung cấp danh sách các chất liệu trong tiếng Anh, bao gồm các loại vải, kim loại phổ biến, khí và các chất khác.

1. Vật liệu xây dựng

Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
brick gạch The house has a small backyard, surrounded by a high brick wall. 
cement xi măng There weren’t any chairs, so she sat on the cement. 
concrete bê tông The bomb shelter has concrete walls that are three metres thick. 
glass thuỷ tinh It's a huge window made from a single pane of glass. 
gravel sỏi A gravel garden is a great option. 
marble đá hoa This statue is made of marble. 
metal kim loại The wooden beam is reinforced with a metal plate. 
plastic nhựa Those flowers aren't real - they're made of plastic. 
sand cát The child was tracing patterns in the sand with a stick. 
slate đá phiến lợp mái A disadvantage is the cost of the slate and its installation in comparison with other roofing materials. 
stone đá They cut enormous blocks of stone out of the hillside. 
wood gỗ She attached a couple of planks of wood to the wall for shelves. 

2. Kim loại

Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
aluminium nhôm We take all our aluminium cans for recycling. 
brass đồng thau (là hợp kim của đồng và kẽm) The door handles were made of brass. 
bronze đồng điếu (đồng thanh - thường là hợp kim của đồng và thiếc, còn có thêm chất khác) The church bells are made of bronze. 
copper đồng  Chemical analysis revealed a high content of copper. 
gold vàng Mr Graham was amazed to find 46 ancient gold coins inside the pot. 
iron sắt A heavy iron chain was clamped around his wrists. 
lead chì They've bought some lead pipes.
magnesium magie Magnesium is less dense than aluminium.
mercury thuỷ ngân Mercury is used in batteries, pesticides, and thermometers. 
nickel niken Nickel is useful because of its resistance to corrosion. 
platinum bạch kim Materials scientists at Sandia National Laboratories have engineered a platinum-gold alloy believed to be the most wear-resistant metal in the world. 
silver bạc We gave them a dish made of solid silver as a wedding present. 
steel thép The concrete is strengthened with steel rods. 
tin thiếc The country's most valuable commodities include tin and diamonds. 
uranium urani Uranium was discovered in 1789 by M.H. Klaproth in Berlin, Germany. 
zinc kẽm Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature 
alloy hợp kim Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 

3. Khí 

Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
carbon dioxide Cacbon điôxít  Plants absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. 
helium heli Campers choose the colors that are meaningful to them and counselors blow up helium balloons. 
hydrogen hidro Current metal structures that contain hydrogen, such as valves, fuel tanks and storage vessels, are manufactured from several expensive alloys of aluminum and steel.  
nitrogen nitơ Nitrogen-rich material is most commonly identified by its green color, but color is not the only criteria.  
oxygen ôxy Air is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 

4. Sợi

Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
cloth vải The coarseness of the cloth irritated her skin. 
cotton cotton She looked pretty in a simple cotton dress. 
lace ren, đăng ten Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern. 
leather da Have you seen Chrissie's new leather jacket? It's majorly cool. 
linen vải lanh Why cannot they dress themselves in purple and fine linen? 
man-made fibres sợi nhân tạo Man-made fibers are produced by combining polymers or small molecules. 
nylon nylon These covers are 100 percent nylon. 
polyester sợi tổng hợp polyester A popular fabric option for fashion & design is the renowned polyester. 
silk lụa He was wearing a suit made from pure silk. 
wool len Put on your red wool cardigan - it'll be nice and warm. 

5. Vật liệu khác

Từ vựng Nghĩa Ví dụ
charcoal than củi I prefer sketching in charcoal to pencil. 
coal than đá Wood and coal are both combustible substances. 
gas ga Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are all gases. 
oil dầu You should always check your oil, water and tyres before taking your car on a long trip. 
paraffin Parafin Made from petroleum, paraffin is a waxy material that absorbs heat. 
petrol xăng I had to use a bit of petrol to get the fire alight. 
asbestos Amiăng Inhaling asbestos fibers can make you sick. 
ash tro We cleaned the ashes out of the fireplace. 
cardboard giấy bồi We made the figures out of cardboard. 
chalk phấn He picked up a piece of chalk and wrote the answer on the blackboard. 
clay đất sét Clay is used for making bricks and pots. 
dust bụi The furniture was covered in dust and cobwebs. 
fibreglass sợi thuỷ tinh The hull of the ship is made of fibreglass-reinforced plastic. 
mud bùn The vehicles got bogged down in the heavy mud. 
paper giấy Dictionaries are usually printed on thin paper. 
rubber cao su Tyres are almost always made of rubber. 
smoke khói Plumes of smoke billowed from the chimney. 
soil đất The soil in this area is very chalky. 
ice băng đá The pond was covered in ice all winter. 
steam hơi nước The pump is driven by steam. 
water nước The human body is about 50 percent water. 

Phân biệt Made of và Made from - Làm từ chất liệu gì

Ta sử dụng cấu trúc Chủ ngữ + to be + made of/made from + chất liệu để nói về chất liệu của một vật nào đó. Sau đây là sự khác nhau giữa Made of và Made from.

1. Made from: 

Được làm ra từ (đề cập đến việc nguyên vật liệu bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu để làm nên vật)

Ví dụ:

2. Made of

Được làm bằng (Đề cập đến chất liệu làm nên vật). Nguyên liệu không bị biến đổi khỏi trạng thái ban đầu sau khi làm ra vật.

Ví dụ:

Tóm lại, quy tắc chung là:

– Nếu một chất liệu nào đó vẫn giữ nguyên dạng thức của nó thì chúng ta dùng made of.

– Nhưng nếu dạng thức của chất liệu đó thay đổi trong quá trình làm ra hay chế biến, chúng ta dùng made from.

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