Read and choose the correct answer for each question.
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and come to the primary sensory apparatus of Vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.
Brains can be extremely complex. The cerebral cortex of the human brain contains roughly 15 - 33 billion neurons, perhaps more, depending on gender and age, linked with up to 10,000 synaptic connections each. Each cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains roughly one billion synapses. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body and target them to specific recipient cells.
The brain controls the other organ systems of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness are possible without a brain: even single-celled organisms may be capable of extracting information from the environment and acting in response to it. Sponges, which lack a central nervous system, are capable of coordinated body contractions and even locomotion in vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself contains neural circuitry capable of generating reflex responses as well as simple motor patterns such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behavior on the basis of complex sensory input requires the information- integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
Despite rapid scientific progress, much about how brains work remains a mystery. The operations of individual neurons and synapses are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of thousands or millions has been very difficult to decipher. Methods of observation such as EEG recording and functional brain imaging tell us that brain operations are highly organized, while single unit recording can resolve the activity of single neurons, but how individual cells give rise to complex operations is unknown.
Which the following is mentioned in the passage?
The word "This" in paragraph three refers to _____.
What is the main topic of the passage?
Which of the following is impossible without the brain?
It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
The word “decipher” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
Methods of observation such as EEG recording and functional brain imaging tell us _____.
Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s).
A domineering husband is the stereotype of male chauvinist.
Choose the word(s) CLOSEST in meaning to the underlined word(s).
Do you think that the deal is completely above board?
The tennis player couldn't _____ the possibility of withdrawing from the championship because of injury.
We would contact your nearest relative _____ any accident occurring.
Not only can he play _____ football well but he is also good at playing _____ guitar.
After climbing the _____ of steps, the old man felt quite exhausted.
The painting was restored with _____ attention to details.
Left-hand traffic, a custom existing in Britain only, _____ back to the days when English people went to and fro on horseback.
_____ Jason became famous, he has ignored his old friends. He shouldn't do that.
The lenses in an optical microscope bend the light passing through a specimen to form an image of that specimen that is much larger _____ actually viewed.
Tom is running off _____ too much. I wish he would temper his remarks.
Getting a new computer system _____ at the school has become a high priority.
Released in 1915, _____.
_____ will Mr. Thanh be able to regain control of the company.
The school will be closed for three months because of a serious _____ of Covid-19.
_____ for me tomorrow, when you're on the beach and I'm still here.
To solve this problem, it is advisable _____.
- Jack: "Sorry, I'm late."
- Peter: "_____."
- Tom: "Have you been able to reach Peter?"
- John: "_____"
Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s).
It gives out light, but not heat and so is safe to use near inflammable liquids.
Choose the word(s) OPPOSITE in meaning to the underlined word(s).
His physical condition was not an impediment to his career as a violinist.
Choose the correct sentence that best combines this pair of sentences.
Sandra cheered herself up by watching a video. She was sad at the thought of missing the party.
Choose the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences.
This spot seems quiet now. Nevertheless, you ought to see it when the tourists are here in May!
Choose the underlined part that needs correction.
Visitors may realize that even though they can’t make their homes in Venice city, they can take away with them memories of their beauty.
Choose the underlined part that needs correction.
Fiorello La Guardia made a speech to the United Nations Relief Administration, which was the director, stating that Europe did not experience prosperity after World War Two.
Choose the underlined part that needs correction.
Every year, tornadoes cause a lot of damages to property and a tremendous loss of human and animal life.
Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to this sentence.
Only final-year students are allowed to use the main college car park.
Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to this sentence.
The staff couldn't have worked any harder, but they could not even finish half of the order all the week.
Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to this sentence.
You'll have no hope of growing crops here unless you find a way to irrigate this land.
Read the text and choose the best answer to fill in the blanks.
Interpreting the feelings of other people is not always easy, as we all know, and we as much on what they seem to be telling is, as on the actual words they say. Facial expression and tone of voice we obvious ways of showing our to something, and it may well be that we unconsciously express view that we are trying to hide. The art of being tactful lies in picking up these signals, realizing what the other person is trying to say, and acting so that they are not embarrassed in any way. For example, we may understand that they are in fact to answer our question, and so we stop pressing them. Body movements, in general, may also indicate feelings, and interviewers often pay particular attention to the way a candidate for a job walks into the room and its down. However, it is not difficult to present the right kind of appearance, while many employers want to know relates to the candidate's character traits and psychological stability. This raises the awkward question of whether job candidates should be asked to complete psychological tests and the further problem of whether such tests actually produce reliable results. For many people, being asked to take part in such a test would be an objectionable intrusion their private lives.
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
punctual
Monday
monkey
language
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
surface
candidate
gazelle
flamingo
Read and choose the correct answer for each question.
Many flowering plants woo insect pollinators and gently direct them to their most fertile blossoms by changing the color of individual flowers from day to day. Through color cues, the plant signals to the insect that it would be better off visiting one flower on its bush than another. The particular hue tells the pollinator that the flower is full of far more pollen than are neighboring blooms. That nectar-rich flower also happens to be fertile and ready to disperse its pollen or to receive pollen the insect has picked up from another flower. Plants do not have to spend precious resources maintaining reservoirs of nectar in all their flowers. Thus, the color-coded communication system benefits both plants and insects.
For example, on the lantana, a flower starts out on the first day as yellow, when it is rich with pollen and nectar. Influenced by an as-yet-unidentified environmental signal, the flower changes color by triggering the production of the pigment anthromyacin. It turns orange on the second day and red on the third. By the third day, it has no pollen to offer insects and is no longer fertile. On any given lantana bush, only 10 to 15 percent of the blossoms are likely to be yellow and fertile. But in tests measuring the responsiveness of butterflies, it was discovered that the insects visited the yellow flowers at least 100 times more than would be expected from the haphazard visitation. Experiments with paper flowers demonstrated that the butterflies were responding to color cues rather than, say, the scent of the nectar.
In other types of plants, blossoms change from white to red, others from yellow to red, and so on. These color changes have been observed in some 74 families of plants.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.