Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
acquisitive
personnel
dissolve
refusal
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the others.
algae
aerobic
anchor
apparat
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
Choose the word that differs from the rest in the position of the main stress.
I'll move ______ to achieve my goal.
The online game "Dumb ways to die" quickly _____ with young people after being released in 2013.
She often appears not to care about her work, but appearences can be ______.
Nothing you say will make a _______ of difference to my decision.
Before her exams, she always gets _______ in her stomach.
If you continue to _____ debts at this rate, you will have to declare bankruptcy eventually.
I know for _____ that he was away from home last night.
Interest _____ Vietnam's younger generation in studying in the US is _____ an all-time high.
_____ to the national park here, Ann was marveled at seeing the geyser.
It is the environmentalists’ political and economic pressure that has ______.
The teacher doled _____ the chocolates to his students for having done well in the examinations.
Complete the sentence by changing the form of the word in capitals.
Volunteer Project in Lesotho
Lesotho is a small independent nation in the middle of southern Africa. The (KING) of Lesotho lies more than 1,000 meters above sea level. With its wild (SPOIL) landscapes, it is a paradise for nature lovers and outdoor (ENTHUSIASM) and also offers the opportunity for visitors to gain (PRACTICE) experience of African culture. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where the distinctive and (COLOUR) traditions of the country are still very much alive.
Volunteers are now needed for two related projects for a community-based organization in the Maletsunyane gorge, a remote and spectacular region in the highlands of Lesotho. One project will involve improving the (HAZARD) track used by both visitors and locals to reach the base of a waterfall in the gorge. For the second project, volunteers are needed to (TAKE) a biodiversity survey of the region. (FORTUNE), much of this area is suffering from overgrazing, hunting, and other activities that threaten the (SUSTAIN) of the land.
Volunteers will be accommodated in shared rooms. There is a communal kitchen, and also a chance to experience the local restaurants. Special dietary (REQUIRE) can be provided for if advance notice is given.
Fill in each blank with ONE best word.
Early photography
In the days of photography, a stand some other firm support for the camera was essential. This was because photographic materials were insensitive to light that a typical exposure lasted several seconds. The camera have to be held still for this time in order to obtain a sharp picture. The subjects also had to be still if their images were to register properly on the film. Some early street scenes include blurred, transparent, ghostlike images of people who wandered past while the scene was in the process of photographed.
Studio portraits from the late 1800s show people posed rigidly, often leaning against furniture, helped them to remain motionless. As it was important to keep the head , support was often provided for the neck. Bright studio lights, sometimes produced by setting fire to a strip of magnesium or a small pile of magnesium powder, helped reducing the required exposure time. These burned with an intensely blue flame that gave the necessary amount of light, but the smoke was unpleasant and there was also a of fire.
The problems with long exposure were overcome by the introduction of faster, more sensitive photographic plates, and later, roll films. The development of smaller cameras to photography becoming a popular hobby. Nowadays, digital cameras have further revolutionized photography, enabling even the most inexperienced photographers to produce professional-looking pictures.
Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each blank.
The national park movement began in the United States in 1870 when a team of explorers suggested that part of the Yellowstone River region be in order to protect its geothermal , wildlife, forests, and scenery for the benefit' of future generations. Congress by creating Yellowstone National Park the world's first, in 1872.
The idea proved , and the number of national parks in this country grew rapidly, new parks being set up by presidential and sometimes as a result of gifts by states of the union or by individuals. Administration of this increasingly complex system was in the hands of the U.S. Army for thirty years from 1886, but then Congress created the National Park Service as part of the Department of the Interior to it.
Today, in addition to what might be thought of as typical national parks, the Service also manages places of historic interest, hiking trails, seashores, rivers, of scientific interest and memorials. In all, more than 300 entities are involved, covering over 32 million hectares. Each unit is directed by a superintendent who is responsible for all aspects of the operation. Staff administrative personnel and, according to the nature of the unit, park rangers, naturalists, historians, and workers.
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions.
The Amazonian wilderness harbors the greatest number of species on this planet and is an irreplaceable resource for present and future generations. Amazonia is crucial for maintaining global climate and genetic resources, and its forest and rivers provide vital sources of food, building materials, pharmaceuticals, and water needed by wildlife and humanity.
The Los Amigos watershed in the state of Madre de Dios, southeastern Peru, is representative of the pristine lowland moist forest once found throughout most of upper Amazonian South America. Threats to tropical forests occur in the form of fishing, hunting, gold mining, timber extraction, impending road construction, and slash and burn agriculture. The Los Amigos watershed, consisting of 1.6 million - hectares (3.95 million acres), still offers the increasingly scarce opportunity to study rainforest as it was before the disruptive encroachment of modern human civilization. Because of its relatively pristine condition and the immediate need to justify it as a conservation zone and as a corridor between Manu National Park and the Tambopata-Candamo Reserved Zone, this area deserves intensive, long-term projects aimed at botanical training, ecotourism, biological inventory, and information synthesis.
On July 24, 2001, the government of Peru and the Amazon Conservation Association, represented by Enrique Ortiz, signed a contractual agreement creating the first long-term permanently renewable conservation concession. To our knowledge, this is the first such agreement to be implemented in the world. The conservation concession protects 340,000 acres of old-growth Amazonian forest in the Los Amigos watershed which is located in southeastern Peru. This watershed protects the eastern flank of Manu National Park and is part of the lowland forest corridor that links it to Bahuaja-Sonene National Park. The Los Amigos conservation concession will serve as a mechanism for the development of a regional center of excellence in natural forest management and biodiversity science.
Several major projects being implemented at the Los Amigos Conservation Area. Louise Emmons is initiating studies of mammal diversity and ecology in the Los Amigos area. Other projects involve studies of the diversity of arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Robin Foster has conducted botanical studies at Los Amigos, resulting in the labeling of hundreds of plant species along two kilometers of trail in upland and lowland forest. Los Amigos has also been a major field site for Robin's rapid identification laminated photographic field guides to tropical plants. Michael Goulding is leading a fishery and aquatic ecology program, which aims to document the diversity of fish, their ecologies, and their habitats in the Los Amigos area and the Madre de Dios watershed in general.
With support from the Amazon Conservation Association, and in collaboration with US and Peruvian colleagues, the Botany of the Los Amigos project has-been initiated. At Los Amigos, we are attempting to develop a system of preservation, sustainability, and scientific research; a marriage between various disciplines, from human ecology to economic botany, product marketing to forest management. The complexity of the ecosystem will best be understood through a multidisciplinary approach, and improved understanding of the complexity will lead to better management. In essence, we must be informed to make wise management decisions about Amazonian forests. These forests hold the greatest number of species on our planet and are an irreplaceable resource for present and future generations. The future of these forests will depend on sustainable management and development of alternative practices and products that do not require irreversible destruction.
The botanical project will provide a foundation of information that is essential to other programs at Los Amigos. By combining botanical studies with fisheries and mammology, we will better understand plant/ animal interactions. By providing names, the botanical program will facilitate accurate communication about plants and the animals that use them. Included in this scenario are humans, as we will dedicate time to people-plant interactions in order to learn what plants are used by people in the Los Amigos area, and what plants could potentially be used by people.
To be informed, we must develop knowledge. To develop knowledge, we must collect, organize, and disseminate information. In this sense, botanical information has conservation value. Before we can use plant-based products from the forest, we must know what species are useful. We must know what their names are in order to be able to communicate accurately about them. We must be able to identify them, to know where they occur in the forest, how many of them exist, how they are pollinated, and when they produce fruit (or other useful products). Aside from understanding the species as they occur locally at Los Amigos, we must have information about their overall distribution -in tropical America in order to better understand and manage the distribution, variation, and viability of their genetic diversity and germplasm. This involves a more complete understanding of the species through studies in the field and herbarium.
The author implies in paragraph 3 that the agreement between Peru and the Amazon Conservation Association is history primarily because it _____.
When the author says that "botanical information has conservation value" he means that _____.
Read the following passage and choose which of the headings from A - L match the blanks. There are three extra headings, which do not match any of the paragraphs.
List of Headings
A. A fresh and important long-term goal
B. Charging for roads and improving other transport methods
C. Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported
D. Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns
E. The environmental costs of road transport
F. The escalating cost of rail transport
G. The need to achieve transport rebalance
H. The rapid growth of private transport
I. Plans to develop major road networks
K. Restricting road use through charging policies alone
L. Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission
European Transport Systems 1990 - 2010
What have been the trends and what are the prospects for European transport systems?
Paragraph 1:
It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic growth without an efficient transport system. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. There are two key factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use. The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads saw an increase of three million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade, the EU will see a further substantial increase in its fleet.
Paragraph 2:
As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is due to a large extent to changes in the European economy and its system of production. In the last 20 years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the EU has moved from a ”stock” economy to a ”flow” economy. This phenomenon has been emphasized by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labor intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometers away from the final assembly plant or away from users.
Paragraph 3:
The strong economic growth expected in countries that are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular, road haulage traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and imported more than five times their 1990 volumes. And although many candidate countries inherited a transport system which encourages rail, the distribution between modes has tipped sharply in favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between 1990 and 1998,road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%, although – and this could benefit the enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much higher level than in existing member states.
Paragraph 4:
However, a new imperative-sustainable development – offers an opportunity for adapting the EU's common transport policy. This objective, agreed by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be achieved by integrating environmental considerations into Community policies, and shifting the balance between modes of transport lies at the heart of its strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years‟ time, that is by 2040.
Paragraph 5:
In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2,the leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020,compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is thus both an ecological necessity and a technological challenge.
Paragraph 6:
At the same time, greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favor of road. This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight services are facing marginalization, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.
Paragraph 7:
The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. This option would not be accompanied by complementary measures in the other modes of transport. In the short term, it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of measures available to revitalize other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
Paragraph 8:
The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes (better quality of services, logistics, technology). However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling than the first approach, but road transport would keep the lion‟s share of the market and continue to concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance.
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
Mr. Conrad's son is becoming quite well-known as an artist.
=> Mr. Conrad's son is making .......... himself as an artist.
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
I think you should have some consideration for those who don't have lives as privileged as yours.
=> I think you should spare .......... aren't as privileged as yours.
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
The day started really well when we heard that Bob had been given his own TV series.
=>The day got .......... when we heard that Bob had been given his own TV series.
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
He didn't understand exactly what was wrong until he read Julie's letter.
=> It .......... he read Julie's letter that he understood exactly what was wrong.
Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning to the first.
I am going to eat less chocolate this year.
=> I am going to _____ of chocolate I eat this year.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
It is essential that this door is kept unlocked. (SHOULD)
=> On no .......... locked.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
I do like this job, but I sometimes wonder if I’ve chosen the right career path. (again)
=> I do like this job, but .......... I wonder if I’ve chosen the right career path.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
It seems unbelievable that this jewellery is almost a thousand years old when it is so well preserved. (HARD)
=> This jewellery is in such good .......... believe that it is almost a thousand years old.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
You have to be very patient to work as a primary school teacher these days. (DEAL)
=> Working as a primary school teacher calls .......... these days.
Complete the second sentence, using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Do NOT change the word given in brackets in any way.
None of the other team members supported Terry's idea. (SUPPORT)
=> Terry's idea met .......... the other members of the team.
Write a paragraph of approximately 140 words to answer the following question.
What should we do to make and keep friends?